Where Is The Line Between Depression And Being Depressed...

Where is the Line Between â€Å"Having Depression† and â€Å"Being Depressed†? I remember it well, the first time I thought I had depression. I was 17. My psychology textbook had innocently listed the symptoms of clinical depression, and I read them with increasing fervour, the cogs in my mind whirring and clicking into place. This is me! I thought, my obviously fully developed adult brain making proper conclusions. Equal feelings of dread and relief settled into the pit of my stomach. Despite my knowledge that psychology students have a tendency to incorrectly self-diagnose, this was my reality for the six years separating now and then. I maintained this belief through a detrimental concoction of confirmation bias and self-fulfilling prophecies. Countless times I’ve sat, mindless gaze fixed on the wall, eyes brimming with silent, slow tears. The void opens in my chest, I reach for my phone, then stop, with the helpless hesitation of one who truly believes that none of her friends will care. You are useless, my mind whispers. You are worthless. I stare listlessly at stucco ceilings, white and blank and empty; I hide within the folds of duvet covers; I wither within a trench of self-pity. The insidious beast settles in, to either destroy my relationships or render me useless in any endeavour. But, once the storm passes, I am myself again – ostensibly flatline but not necessarily depressed. Over the years my experience has not continued to be so bleak, though, and I discovered in myShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of The Depression Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesClinical depression is a disease that affects many people, ranging from children to elderly adults. Depression is a scary word to many and conjures up ugly, stereotypical images of people being sad all the time and wanting to kill themselves. Depression is treatable, but the same method of treatment will not be effective on every patient. Many people suffering from depression question whether they are actually depressed or just having a bad day. Often times, a person who believes they are sufferingRead MoreLife Is Like The Stanzas Of A Poem803 Words   |  4 Pageslife as poems. The troubled childhood and the depressed adulthood of Anne Sexton lead to the depressed and dark nature of her writing. Trauma from the abused childhood brought about the depressed nature of her poems. In Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty), Anne sexton describes the troubled nature of her childhood. â€Å"I was forced backward. I was forced forward.† â€Å"Each night I am nailed into place.† (st.7,line 5-7.9) That feeling of being forced and helpless. Being drained of life by the one who was supposedRead MoreDepression And Suicide : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesA family member could suffer from depression and I decide to study depression and suicide. When a family member aches from depression, your console and cheer can play a vital part in his or her recovery. Nevertheless, depression can break you down if you neglect your own wants. Depression is a serious but curable illness that disturbs a lot of individuals, from young to old people and all humans being. It becomes the part of everyday life, triggering massive pain, hurting not just individuals whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression On Children And Adolescents Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, we have heard the rhetoric expressed repeatedly that depression occurs in adulthood and that children and adolescents do not experience episodes of depression. The ailment of adulthood and depression is something that is not accurately especially given the current reality in face in society. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 2015, an estimated 3 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least one major depressive episode in the past yearRead MoreWe Must Take Action Against Suicide957 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word suicide has never held the same context. Rather than teenage suicide being some controversy discussed in the news, it became a painful reality. Suicide, the deliberate act of ending ones own life, is currently on the rise and has become the third leading cause of death amongst adolescents and teenagers. In the past twenty-five years, the general occurrence of suicide has decreased, yet the rate for those between ages fifteen and twenty-four have tripled, ages that encompasses both high schoolRead MoreOne Of Holden’S Main Defense Mechanisms In The Novel Is1408 Words   |  6 Pagesisolation can derive from his constant depression.. Holden chooses to isolate himself many times throughout the storyline because of his saddening past. An article by Debbie Roome acknowledged â€Å"Depression is another prime cause of isolation. A depressed teen loses interest in everyday activities and drops out of social groups at school† (Roome). The reader will in fact see this early on in the book demonstrating Holden flunked out of his school! The quote â€Å"Where I want to start telling is the day IRead MoreExperiencing Depr ession Throughout Life Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience depression throughout their life? Introduction In psychology, depression is a mental illness in which a person experiences deep, unshakable sadness and diminished interest in nearly all activities, it involves disturbances in emotion(Encarta). Depression is among the most common mental illnesses. About 8 percent of adults in the United States experience serious depression through out their lives (Encarta). Women are about three times more likely to be depressed than menRead MoreA False Romance1236 Words   |  5 Pagesday to day realities of a relationship where people lose their temper or get annoyed. These are the parts that really test the relationship. They don’t show the challenges of being in long term relationships. It makes sense seeing how the movies only have a few hours to get the characters stories across. There are not many great movies that show relationship struggles. The audience does not want to see this side of the love story. People watch movies where the characters are perfect and they haveRead Mo reSuicide in the Trenches Analysis Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesis the meaning of war? What is war like? How do soldiers feel in a war? Glorious? Depressed? This poem accurately shows the harsh but sadly true reality of war - death, suicide and depression. Indeed, as quoted by Sir Williams Henry - â€Å"Nobody in his right mind would enjoy war†. The point of view is third person. This is effective in showing one case of suicide, in third person observation, representing the depression and desire to quickly die in everyone else. Life is really worse than death - andRead MoreAdolescent Depression and Suicide: Early Detection and Treatment the K1244 Words   |  5 PagesAdolescent Depression and Suicide: Early Detection and Treatment the Key Only in the past two decades has depression in adolescents been taken seriously. Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts. It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths

Essay on Men and Women, Perspectives on Communication

Men and Women, Perspectives on Communication Throughout time it has been documented that men and women see things in the world from different perspectives. A man will pay $2 for a $1 item he wants but a woman will pay $1 for a $2 item she doesnt want. Men and women’s minds are truly wired up differently, and I’m not just talking about sex. Making love, for most women is the greatest expression of intimacy a couple can achieve. To most men, you can call it whatever you want just as long as they end up in bed. (Actually, I hope that is my last sexual reference.) A woman knows all about her children. She knows about dentist appointments and romances, best friends, favorite foods, secret fears, and hopes and dreams. A man is vaguely aware†¦show more content†¦Henry states, â€Å"â€Å"Why, sure, that’s what I came to tell you. They†¦ got nearly my own price, too.† â€Å"Good† she said. â€Å"Good for you.† â€Å"And I thought,† he continued, â€Å"I thought how itâ₠¬â„¢s Saturday afternoon†¦ to celebrate, you see.† â€Å"Good† she repeated. â€Å"Oh, yes. That will be good.†Ã¢â‚¬  (361) Throughout the story, Elisa is unable to communicate with Henry to tell him how she really feels and Henry is either not perceptive enough or doesn’t want to figure out what is really troubling Elisa. When the Fix-it man arrives, there is a distinctive shift in her personality. She is chatty, witty and wanton to converse with someone other than her husband. I think this shows how Elisa sees her life on the Allen farm. She is not happy, she can’t communicate with her husband and she longs for a child of her own to keep her company. She uses the chrysanthemums as a surrogate for a number of things, a relationship with her husband, a child, other friends and family. Henry is oblivious to this, he is happy doing what men do, provide the staples for living for his family. They have a couple of near misses at genuine communicat ion, first when Henry comes down after dressing for dinner he commends Elisa on her beauty, â€Å"Why-why, Elisa. You look so nice!† (365) Henry is truly attentive to Elisa and she does not know how to react. Elisa stiffens and instead of taking theShow MoreRelatedExplanation Of The Muted Group Theory1573 Words   |  7 Pageswas originally developed to help scholars understand the co-cultural hypothetical framework of communications between genders. The muted group theory was initially established by British anthropologists Edwin and Shirley Ardener in the late 1960’s to discuss the difference in communications styles of the subordinate groups, which were mainly women when compared to the dominate groups, which were mainly men. (Orbe, M.P., 1997). In time a dominate group would be formed from a social hierarchy systemRead MoreThe Muted Group Theory Of The World Of Communication1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout society has been men and women, men being the dominan t figure, and women being mute. The Muted Group Theory is one that explains why women or other minorities feel more constrained and obligated to conform to dominant figures. In the world of communication, men seem to have more influence over women especially in linguistics. Not only is language an important aspect throughout this theory, advertising has remained a crucial part as well. Advertising depicts women and minorities to be muteRead MoreReaction to Gender and Communication in Social Work Education850 Words   |  4 PagesThe differences of communication between male and female gender affect social work education when the 3 areas are concerned: training students for social work, interaction between staff members and interaction between students and faculty members. Communication is one very significant tool in the social work where teaching and developing of relations is concerned. This article explains gender difference from perspective of cross-culture. Men listen to act a ccordingly and women listen so that theyRead MoreCommunication Styles Between Men And Women1522 Words   |  7 Pageshealthy and happy marriage is critical. Unsuccessful communication plays a vital role in the failure of many marriages and relationships. Communication is key in all relationships and can lead to the success or failure of a marriage, depending on how the couple interacts. This effectiveness of communication is connected to the overall satisfaction of married couples. Learning more about the differences in communication styles between men and women will aid in the successful sending and receiving ofRead MoreWomen In Engineering1144 Words   |  5 PagesUniversities Provide Scholarships for Women in Engineering: A College’s Perspective  Introduction In recent years, there have been consistently more women enrolled in undergraduate studies than men - in 2015, two million fewer men were in an undergraduate program in America. However, only 24% of people with occupations in STEM fields are women, and only 14% of the engineering field is women. It is widely accepted in the engineering world of jobs that more women would only be a benefit. However, theRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Through many generations women were not treated equally as men. Women have fought their way to have gender equality but it has been slowly progressing. More women are starting to have high ranked jobs, more have been going into the workforce and don’t have to stay home all day long to take care of the kids. There are many differences between the gender roles (how women and men act or how they should be) when it comes to certain things. Like if you tell a girl, she hits like a boy or tellRead MoreGender Roles in European Culture869 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, women have made up a sort of â€Å"minority† in the world’s many societies. They have been looked upon as property to husbands and fathers. Their place was deemed the male’s home. Women were to provide services to men, ranging from carrying an heir (hopefully a male) to providing a clean home and cooked meals. Women in high-income nations still continue to face challenges because of thei r gender, and those in low-income nations often remain thought of as property. From a symbolic interactionistRead MoreWe ve Got The Dirt On Guy Brains By Dave Barry951 Words   |  4 PagesTannen’s â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation† , the authors discussed the difference between men and women in terms of specific issues. However, their opinions of what reasons have led to certain differences diverged. This essay aimed at providing a detailed examination of both articles by comparing some of the points. First of all, I will discuss the shared point of both articles regarding the differences of men and women. Then the I will move on taking about the major different opinions the two authors heldRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Communication And How It Affects Male And Female Entrepreneurship1246 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper is a research done to analyze the characteristics of communication and how it affects male and female entrepreneurship. The use of gender perspective in the communication style was influenced by the now popular topic of women’s rights and discrimination against women in the business world. Women in business was scarce, but now it is becoming more prevalent. â€Å"The communication is a key factor in the success of any organization† (Borcic, Despot, Prusina 2015). The backgroundRead MoreMen vs Women (Compare and Contrast) Essays787 Words   |  4 PagesAs the age old saying goes, â€Å"Men Are from Mars, Women are from Venus†. The conflicting views of men and women have been questioned for centuries, noting how men and women differ in emotion, affection, and communication. Women tend to be more emotional and rational then men, whereas men are far less emotional and react on impulse. The different understanding of the ways that each sex communicates is still to be studied. Women tend to react more emotionally than men, resulting in submerging themselves

Critical Analysis Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay

In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, we are presented with an unnamed narrator whose values and potentials are invisible to the world around him. Throughout the entirety of the novel, we see the unnamed narrator, also known as the Invisible Man, struggle in an attempt to uncover his identity buried beneath African American oppression and an aggregation of deception. Ellison shows us how lies and deceit may serve as a grave but invaluable obstacle to one’s journey to find their identity. Through the use of imagery, symbols, and motifs of blindness along with invisibility, Ellison portrays the undeniable obstacle that deception plays in one’s ability to establish their identity along with the necessity of it. Within the opening chapter, the†¦show more content†¦The Battle Royal established the relationship between white power, male power, and (hetero)sexual power, the ‘self-grounding presumptions’ of dominant subjectivity, as central to the narrator’s embrace of abjection. Furthermore, it equates these structures or power with the visibility of disempowered bodies. (Jarenski 89) He was deceived by the white man whose approval he so desperately craved. However, this lie and deceit is one necessary to his journey to find his identity. It was essential for the Invisible Man to face this hard pressed reality and embrace the abjection. The Battle Royal inexplicably defined the dominance of the white male throughout this time. Without knowing of the unfortunate white male dominance of the times, he would never be able to see past the fog of lies that is omnipresent throughout the entire novel. â€Å"The [Invisible Man looked] to find identity within the roles assigned to him by the white audience. His primary concern [was] how they [would] perceive his dual role as a participant and a speaker† (Jarenski 89). He longed for their approval, unconsciously knowing that with their approval and acceptance his ability to establish his identity would be facile. It was vital for the Invisible Man to learn this arduous lesson. He needed to be acquainted with the idea that the white man is all powerful and also all ambiguous. Unfortunately, at the end of the night, the superintendent presented the Invisible ManShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man, the narrator is a young, African-American male who believes that he is invisible. Throughout the novel, he spends a great amount of time and effort trying to figure out his identity and find a way to make himself visible in society. One of the narrator’s main attempts brings him to join an organization known as the Brotherhood, where he is able to utilize his talent for public speaking as an advocate for the Brotherhood and allRead MoreUsing Psychoanalysis to Understand Human Behavior Essay4081 Words   |  17 PagesIn fact, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan wrote, If psycho-analysis is to be constituted as the science of the unconscious, one must set out from the notion tha t the unconscious is structured like a language,(1) thus directly relating literature – the art of language - and psychoanalysis. Searching the database of the Modern Language Association for articles about the use of psychoanalysis for understanding Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man yields one article by Caffilene Allen, of Georgia State University

The Effectiveness Of Cbt Versus Ipt During The Treatment...

The Effectiveness of CBT versus IPT in the Treatment of Severe Depression Globally, major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the top five public health concerns today (Cuijpers et al., 2011; Jakobsen, Hansen, Simonsen, Gluud, 2011; Hees, Rotter, Ellermann, Evers, 2013). Moreover, almost 20% of patients with depression engage in self-harming behaviors, including suicidal attempts (Gamble et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2011). Not only is the prevalence of depression alarming, but costly to the health care system (Cuijpers et al., 2011; Cuijpers et al., 2014; Hees et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2011). The use of antidepressants is the standard for initial treatment, but may be limiting in preventing relapse (Cuijpers et al., 2014; Jakobsen et al., 2011). Therefore, the inclusion of non-pharmacological interventions may be necessary to improve treatment outcomes (Cuijpers et al., 2011; Dekker et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2011). Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and cognitive behavi or therapy (CBT) are the two primary psychotherapeutic interventions recommended in the treatment of depression. In this paper, I will discuss the difference between CBT and IPT, compare the effectiveness between both therapies, explore their efficacy as an adjunct treatment with antidepressant medications, and summarize the treatment guidelines for depression. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Interpersonal Psychotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is defined as short-term structuredShow MoreRelatedDifferent Treatments Of Depression / Anxiety And Their Effectiveness1622 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Treatments of Depression/Anxiety and their Effectiveness For years, the ideal treatment of depression/anxiety has been pretty much up in the air with literature that shows mixed results for responses to various treatments. Pharmacotherapy or treatment via medicine, and psychotherapy treatment via talk therapy are the two types paths for those with a diagnosis of depression/anxiety that will be considered. Depression is a disorder that globally effects more than 350 million people todayRead MoreThe Integration of Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy2247 Words   |  9 PagesInterpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a short-term psychotherapy that was developed by Myrna Weissman and Gerald Klerman in the 1980’s. It focuses on the interpersonal relationships in the client’s life, instead of on past or biological causes. The therapy is kept fairly structured by the clinician’s use of a manual and aims to help the client recover from their current episode of depression. Interpersonal Psychotherapy ha s been used in conjunction with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in research studies

Bioinformatics Free Essays

Full report on BIOINFORMATICS PURIFICACION, MARYNOLD V. CHEM 161. 1 3L 2nd Semester AY 2012-1013 GROUPMATES: Donato, Lualhati M. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diaz, Manuelle Marie C. Date Submitted: March 8, 2013 Laboratory Instructor: Ms. Herra Grajo I. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. There are different data bases that can be used like National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute database (EMBL-EBI), GenBank (US-based), SwissProt/UniProt, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Entrez and PubMed. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool, or  BLAST, is an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences. A BLAST search allows a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or  database  of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. The BLAST program was designed by  Stephen Altschul,  Warren Gish,  Webb Miller,  Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman  at the  NIH  and was published in the  Journal of Molecular Biology  in 1990. On the other hand,ProtParam is a very useful softwarethat can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. The parameters that can be computed by ProtParam include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY). At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to understand the concept and process of bioinformatics; to know the process on how to use computer programs related in biological information; and to apply these programs on different protein sequences and identify different informations using these programs. II. METHODOLOGY The FASTA sequence of the given proteins namely; Myk, Gi, Glean, Astara, Niko, SR, Joma, Melai, Danne, Jay, Annie and Hani were analyzed using BLAST and ProtParam. BLAST showed the protein with that given sequence and its function was researched. ProtParam, on the other hand, showed the amino acid composition of the given protein, its theoretical IpH, estimated molecular weight and other pertinent information. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. In this exercise, the computer program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to identify different protein sequences and determine the function of these proteins. Also, a computer program named ProtParam was used to determine the IpH and estimated molecular weight of the said proteins. Different sequences of proteins were analyzed using these 2 algorithms to study their identities, properties and purposes. Table 1 show the list of the given protein sequences, their identity, their theoretical IpH and estimated molecular weight. The FASTA sequences of the different codes are also shown below. PROTEIN SEQUENCES: Myk qavlslyasgrttgivldsgdgvthtvpiyegfalphailrldlagrdltdalmkiltergysftttaereivrdikeklayvaldyeqelesa Gi mftasqegdgmskshvhrsvwwswlvgvltvvglglglgsgvglapgsaapsglaldrfadrplapidps Glean mmvawwslflyglqvaapalaatpadwrsqsiyflltdrfartdgsttatcntadqkycggtwqgiidkldyiqgmgftaiwitpvtar Astara kkkslalvlatgmavttfggtgsafadsknvlstkkynetvqspefvsgdlteatgkkaesvvfdylnaakgdyklgeksaqdcfkvkqakkdavtdst Niko mgsigaasmefcfdvfkelkvhhanenifycpiaimsalamvylgakdstrtqinkvvrfdklpgfgdsieaqcgtsvnvhsslrdil SR ndfnlqdfnvgdyiqavldrnlaenisrvlypndnffegkelrlkqeyfvvaatlqdvirrfkaskfgskdgvgtvfdafpdqvaiqlndthpalaipel Joma vgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkf gk Melai tedskgghpfssetkeklnkeggafpgpsgslkfcpleiaqklwkenhseiypimktptrtrlaliicstdfqhlsrrvgadvdlremklllqdlgytvkvkenltale Danne kllravitcltypekhfekvlrlsinkmgtdewgltrvvttrtevdmerikeeyqrrnsipldraiakdtsgdyedmlvallghgda Jay sltafndlklgkkykfilfglndakteivvketstdpsydafleklpendclyaiydfeyeingnegkrskivfftwspdtapvrskmvyasskdalrr Annie kakyltemprasellshgipykankravpdridwresgyvtevkdqggcgscwafsttgamegqymknektsisfseqqlvdcsgpfgnygcngglmena Hani valkgfakffkessdeerehaeklmeyqnkrggrvrlqsivtpltefdhpekgdalyamelalaleklvneklhnlhgvatrcndpqltdfieseflee Table 1. Identity, IpH and molecular weight of different protein sequences. Name| Identity| IpH| Molecular weight, g/mol| Myk| NBD_sugar-kinase_HSAP70_actin superfamilyActin| 4. 72| 10344. 7| Gi| Pepsin A trypsin| 5. 97| 7144. 1| Glean| AmyAC_family superfamilyAmylase A| 5. 93| 10002. 4| Astara| Protease| 8. 97| 10595. 0| Niko| SERPIN superfamilySerpin ovalbumin| 6. 24| 9899. 4| SR| Glycosyltransferase_GTB_type superfamilyGlycogen phosphorylase| 4. 65| 11336. 7| Joma| Magainin| 5. 21| 9931. 1| Melai| CASc superfamilyCaspase| 7. 73| 12230. 0| Danne| Annexin superfamilyAnnexin| 6. 14| 10022. 5| Jay| ADF_gelsolon superfamilyCofilin| 5. 47| 11504. 0| Annie| Peptidase_C1ACathepsin| 5. 80| 10982. 2| Hani| Euk_FerritinFerritin_like superfamilyFerritin| 5. 06| 11519. 9| Actin forms  microfilaments  which are typically one of the most dynamic of the three subclasses of the eukaryotic  cytoskeleton. In turn, this gives actin major functions in cells: * To form  microfilaments  to give mechanical support to cells, and provide trafficking routes through the cytoplasm to support signal transduction. * To allow  cell motility  in cells which undergo  amoeboid  motion using  pseudopods and  phagocytosis, for example of bacteria by  macrophages. * In  metazoan  muscle  cells, to be the scaffold on which  myosin  proteins generate force to support muscle contraction. In nonmuscle cells, to be a track for cargo transport myosins (nonconventional myosins) such as myosin V and VI. Nonconventional myosins use ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo, such as  vesicles  and organelles, in a directed fashion much faster than diffusion. Myosin V walks towards the barbed end of actin filaments, while myosin VI walks toward the pointed end. Most actin filaments are arranged with the barbed end toward the cellular membrane and the pointed end toward the cellular interior. This arrangement allows myosin V to be an effective motor for export of cargos, and myosin VI to be an effective motor for import. Pepsin  is an  enzyme  whose  zymogen  (pepsinogen) is released by the  chief cells  in the  stomach  and that degrades food  proteins  into  peptides. The ? -amylases (EC  3. 2. 1. 1  ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-? -D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase)are  calcium  metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, alpha-amylase breaks down ling-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amyloase, glucose and â€Å"limit dextrin† from amylopectin. It can act anywhere on the  substrate, ? amylase tends to be faster-acting than ? -amylase. In  animals, it is a major  digestive  enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6. 7-7. 0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ? -amylases. A  protease  (also termed  peptidase  or  proteinase) is any  enzyme  that conducts  proteolysis, that is, beg ins  protein  catabolism  by  hydrolysis  of the  peptide bonds  that link  amino acids  together in thepolypeptide  chain forming the protein. Serpins  are a group of  proteins  with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to  inhibit  proteases. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in  glycogenolysis  in animals by releasing  glucose-1-phosphate  from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ovalbumin  (OVA) is the main  protein  found in  egg white, making up 60-65% of the total protein. Ovalbumin displays sequence and three-dimensional  homology  to the  serpin  superfamily, but unlike most serpins it is not a  serine protease  inhibitor. The function of ovalbumin is unknown, although it is presumed to be a  storage protein. Ovalbumin is an important protein in several different areas of research, including:general studies of protein structure and propertiesbecause it is available in large quantities; studies of serpin structure and function since ovalbumin does not inhibit proteases which means that by comparing its structure with that of inhibitory serpins, the structural characteristics required for inhibition can be determined; in proteomics  where it is used as a molecular weight marker for calibrating  electrophoresis  gel; and in immunology where it is commonly used to stimulate an  allergic reaction  in test subjects likean established model allergen for  airway hyper-responsiveness, AHR. Caspases, or  cysteine-aspartic or  cysteine-dependent  aspartate-directed proteases  are a family of  cysteine proteases  that play essential roles inapoptosis  (programmed cell death),  necrosis, and  inflammation. Caspase 1/interleukin-1 converting enzyme is an  enzyme  that  proteolytically  cleaves other proteins, such as the  precursor  forms of the inflammatorycytokines  interleukin 1-? and  interleukin 18, into active mature peptides. It belongs to a family of  cysteine proteases  known as  caspases  that always cleave proteins following an  aspartic acid  residue. Caspase 1 has been shown to induce cell  necrosis  or  pyroptosis  and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar protein in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of  Huntington’s disease. Alternative splicing  of the gene results in five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Annexins have been observed to play a role along the  exocytotic  pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor)  tyrosine kinase  which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. Older† ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds-up actin polymerization via its actin- severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting  in vivo  effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin’s binding and associating activity with actin The  Arp2/3 complex  and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the  cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize microtubules in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments. Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as  myosin,  tropomyosin,  ? -actinin,  gelsolin  and  scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. ?ofilin also play role in innate immune response. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e. g. bone resorption. They degrade  polypeptides  and are distinguished by their  substrate  specificites. Ferritin serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Knowing the protein sequence gives many advantages in studies especially dealing with medicine. The protein of interest whether it is the cause of the abnormality or the cure for abnormality can be identified with just few clicks. The reasons behind similarity of protein sequences despite diversity of source organism is because even though all protein families have distinct functional compositions across different species, some conserved functional features among family members included a shared reaction mechanism, cofactor usage, and/or ligand specificity. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool (BLAST), an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences; and ProtParam, a very useful software that can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. Such parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, How to cite Bioinformatics, Essay examples Bioinformatics Free Essays Full report on BIOINFORMATICS PURIFICACION, MARYNOLD V. CHEM 161. 1 3L 2nd Semester AY 2012-1013 GROUPMATES: Donato, Lualhati M. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diaz, Manuelle Marie C. Date Submitted: March 8, 2013 Laboratory Instructor: Ms. Herra Grajo I. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. There are different data bases that can be used like National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute database (EMBL-EBI), GenBank (US-based), SwissProt/UniProt, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Entrez and PubMed. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool, or  BLAST, is an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences. A BLAST search allows a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or  database  of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. The BLAST program was designed by  Stephen Altschul,  Warren Gish,  Webb Miller,  Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman  at the  NIH  and was published in the  Journal of Molecular Biology  in 1990. On the other hand,ProtParam is a very useful softwarethat can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. The parameters that can be computed by ProtParam include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY). At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to understand the concept and process of bioinformatics; to know the process on how to use computer programs related in biological information; and to apply these programs on different protein sequences and identify different informations using these programs. II. METHODOLOGY The FASTA sequence of the given proteins namely; Myk, Gi, Glean, Astara, Niko, SR, Joma, Melai, Danne, Jay, Annie and Hani were analyzed using BLAST and ProtParam. BLAST showed the protein with that given sequence and its function was researched. ProtParam, on the other hand, showed the amino acid composition of the given protein, its theoretical IpH, estimated molecular weight and other pertinent information. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. In this exercise, the computer program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to identify different protein sequences and determine the function of these proteins. Also, a computer program named ProtParam was used to determine the IpH and estimated molecular weight of the said proteins. Different sequences of proteins were analyzed using these 2 algorithms to study their identities, properties and purposes. Table 1 show the list of the given protein sequences, their identity, their theoretical IpH and estimated molecular weight. The FASTA sequences of the different codes are also shown below. PROTEIN SEQUENCES: Myk qavlslyasgrttgivldsgdgvthtvpiyegfalphailrldlagrdltdalmkiltergysftttaereivrdikeklayvaldyeqelesa Gi mftasqegdgmskshvhrsvwwswlvgvltvvglglglgsgvglapgsaapsglaldrfadrplapidps Glean mmvawwslflyglqvaapalaatpadwrsqsiyflltdrfartdgsttatcntadqkycggtwqgiidkldyiqgmgftaiwitpvtar Astara kkkslalvlatgmavttfggtgsafadsknvlstkkynetvqspefvsgdlteatgkkaesvvfdylnaakgdyklgeksaqdcfkvkqakkdavtdst Niko mgsigaasmefcfdvfkelkvhhanenifycpiaimsalamvylgakdstrtqinkvvrfdklpgfgdsieaqcgtsvnvhsslrdil SR ndfnlqdfnvgdyiqavldrnlaenisrvlypndnffegkelrlkqeyfvvaatlqdvirrfkaskfgskdgvgtvfdafpdqvaiqlndthpalaipel Joma vgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkf gk Melai tedskgghpfssetkeklnkeggafpgpsgslkfcpleiaqklwkenhseiypimktptrtrlaliicstdfqhlsrrvgadvdlremklllqdlgytvkvkenltale Danne kllravitcltypekhfekvlrlsinkmgtdewgltrvvttrtevdmerikeeyqrrnsipldraiakdtsgdyedmlvallghgda Jay sltafndlklgkkykfilfglndakteivvketstdpsydafleklpendclyaiydfeyeingnegkrskivfftwspdtapvrskmvyasskdalrr Annie kakyltemprasellshgipykankravpdridwresgyvtevkdqggcgscwafsttgamegqymknektsisfseqqlvdcsgpfgnygcngglmena Hani valkgfakffkessdeerehaeklmeyqnkrggrvrlqsivtpltefdhpekgdalyamelalaleklvneklhnlhgvatrcndpqltdfieseflee Table 1. Identity, IpH and molecular weight of different protein sequences. Name| Identity| IpH| Molecular weight, g/mol| Myk| NBD_sugar-kinase_HSAP70_actin superfamilyActin| 4. 72| 10344. 7| Gi| Pepsin A trypsin| 5. 97| 7144. 1| Glean| AmyAC_family superfamilyAmylase A| 5. 93| 10002. 4| Astara| Protease| 8. 97| 10595. 0| Niko| SERPIN superfamilySerpin ovalbumin| 6. 24| 9899. 4| SR| Glycosyltransferase_GTB_type superfamilyGlycogen phosphorylase| 4. 65| 11336. 7| Joma| Magainin| 5. 21| 9931. 1| Melai| CASc superfamilyCaspase| 7. 73| 12230. 0| Danne| Annexin superfamilyAnnexin| 6. 14| 10022. 5| Jay| ADF_gelsolon superfamilyCofilin| 5. 47| 11504. 0| Annie| Peptidase_C1ACathepsin| 5. 80| 10982. 2| Hani| Euk_FerritinFerritin_like superfamilyFerritin| 5. 06| 11519. 9| Actin forms  microfilaments  which are typically one of the most dynamic of the three subclasses of the eukaryotic  cytoskeleton. In turn, this gives actin major functions in cells: * To form  microfilaments  to give mechanical support to cells, and provide trafficking routes through the cytoplasm to support signal transduction. * To allow  cell motility  in cells which undergo  amoeboid  motion using  pseudopods and  phagocytosis, for example of bacteria by  macrophages. * In  metazoan  muscle  cells, to be the scaffold on which  myosin  proteins generate force to support muscle contraction. In nonmuscle cells, to be a track for cargo transport myosins (nonconventional myosins) such as myosin V and VI. Nonconventional myosins use ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo, such as  vesicles  and organelles, in a directed fashion much faster than diffusion. Myosin V walks towards the barbed end of actin filaments, while myosin VI walks toward the pointed end. Most actin filaments are arranged with the barbed end toward the cellular membrane and the pointed end toward the cellular interior. This arrangement allows myosin V to be an effective motor for export of cargos, and myosin VI to be an effective motor for import. Pepsin  is an  enzyme  whose  zymogen  (pepsinogen) is released by the  chief cells  in the  stomach  and that degrades food  proteins  into  peptides. The ? -amylases (EC  3. 2. 1. 1  ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-? -D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase)are  calcium  metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, alpha-amylase breaks down ling-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amyloase, glucose and â€Å"limit dextrin† from amylopectin. It can act anywhere on the  substrate, ? amylase tends to be faster-acting than ? -amylase. In  animals, it is a major  digestive  enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6. 7-7. 0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ? -amylases. A  protease  (also termed  peptidase  or  proteinase) is any  enzyme  that conducts  proteolysis, that is, beg ins  protein  catabolism  by  hydrolysis  of the  peptide bonds  that link  amino acids  together in thepolypeptide  chain forming the protein. Serpins  are a group of  proteins  with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to  inhibit  proteases. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in  glycogenolysis  in animals by releasing  glucose-1-phosphate  from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ovalbumin  (OVA) is the main  protein  found in  egg white, making up 60-65% of the total protein. Ovalbumin displays sequence and three-dimensional  homology  to the  serpin  superfamily, but unlike most serpins it is not a  serine protease  inhibitor. The function of ovalbumin is unknown, although it is presumed to be a  storage protein. Ovalbumin is an important protein in several different areas of research, including:general studies of protein structure and propertiesbecause it is available in large quantities; studies of serpin structure and function since ovalbumin does not inhibit proteases which means that by comparing its structure with that of inhibitory serpins, the structural characteristics required for inhibition can be determined; in proteomics  where it is used as a molecular weight marker for calibrating  electrophoresis  gel; and in immunology where it is commonly used to stimulate an  allergic reaction  in test subjects likean established model allergen for  airway hyper-responsiveness, AHR. Caspases, or  cysteine-aspartic or  cysteine-dependent  aspartate-directed proteases  are a family of  cysteine proteases  that play essential roles inapoptosis  (programmed cell death),  necrosis, and  inflammation. Caspase 1/interleukin-1 converting enzyme is an  enzyme  that  proteolytically  cleaves other proteins, such as the  precursor  forms of the inflammatorycytokines  interleukin 1-? and  interleukin 18, into active mature peptides. It belongs to a family of  cysteine proteases  known as  caspases  that always cleave proteins following an  aspartic acid  residue. Caspase 1 has been shown to induce cell  necrosis  or  pyroptosis  and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar protein in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of  Huntington’s disease. Alternative splicing  of the gene results in five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Annexins have been observed to play a role along the  exocytotic  pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor)  tyrosine kinase  which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. Older† ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds-up actin polymerization via its actin- severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting  in vivo  effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin’s binding and associating activity with actin The  Arp2/3 complex  and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the  cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize microtubules in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments. Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as  myosin,  tropomyosin,  ? -actinin,  gelsolin  and  scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. ?ofilin also play role in innate immune response. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e. g. bone resorption. They degrade  polypeptides  and are distinguished by their  substrate  specificites. Ferritin serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Knowing the protein sequence gives many advantages in studies especially dealing with medicine. The protein of interest whether it is the cause of the abnormality or the cure for abnormality can be identified with just few clicks. The reasons behind similarity of protein sequences despite diversity of source organism is because even though all protein families have distinct functional compositions across different species, some conserved functional features among family members included a shared reaction mechanism, cofactor usage, and/or ligand specificity. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool (BLAST), an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences; and ProtParam, a very useful software that can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. Such parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, How to cite Bioinformatics, Papers Bioinformatics Free Essays As the world has changed into computer based and more of technology based, so has the various fields changed. Molecular biology is concerned with how the systems of a cell interact which also includes the DNA and RNA interactions plus the protein biosynthesis. It therefore involves several techniques which include Polymerase Chain Reactions, Western Blotting, southern blotting, expression cloning, gel electrophoresis and so many other techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since it is mostly involved in the interactions of the cell systems, it requires means to be able to identify the DNA which are similar, if the DNA of some organism are evolving, if some mutation in a DNA can help in new inventions about how to deal with certain problems of the world among others. Determination of all these requires the use of information technology. There have been major advances in molecular biology and advances in technologies of genomic study too. This is the reason why there has been growth in biological information created by the scientists (Gibas and Jambeck, 2001). Because of these advances, genomic information has to be computerized and stored in databases in an organized manner for use. The databases are organized in a manner that scientists can retrieve information about a genome and more, add more information if need be and for future references (Gibas and Jambeck, 2001). It therefore means that the databases index the data for viewing and analysis purposes. Application of information technology in the field of molecular biology is what is known as Bioinformatics. It involves the creation of algorithms statistical techniques, databases and computational techniques in molecular biology. There are theories on how the biological data should be solved and how they should be managed. These are the theories that are the base of computation, data storage, data analysis and formation of algorithms (Letovsky, 1999). Bioinformatics This is a field of science, created due to the changing world enabling advances in molecular biology, that merge molecular biology, information technology and computer science together (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). It is therefore a single discipline meant to make possible biological insight discoveries. It also creates an international perspective of biological principles discernation (Letovsky, 1999). As has been noted, this field was created due to the advances in molecular biology. At the beginning, as the world of computer began to take over, Bioinformatics was just meant for biological information storage. It was as simple as creation of the databases and maintaining them. Information stored at that time was amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences. At this time though, the researchers could retrieve information and put in more either revised or new invention (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). As time and more advances are being made and more information is needed about the interaction of the cell system, Bioinformatics is evolving too. It is getting more complex with more information and more activities on molecular biology. This is due to the need to comprehend the normal cellular activities so that any abnormalities can be easily detected. Bioinformatics currently provides options of analysis and interpretation of data. Most analyzed and interpreted data include amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, structures of protein and protein domains. This is what is referred to as computational biology (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). There are two sub disciplines in Bioinformatics and computational biology. One is algorithm and statistics development for the assessment of large data sets. This includes data sets such as gene allocation from a specific sequence, formation of protein families from related protein sequences, protein structure prediction and protein function prediction (Westhead et al. , 2002). The other sub discipline is information management which requires development of tools that allow retrieval, use and management of information (Westhead et al. , 2002). Importance of Bioinformatics Since there is advancement in the world of technology, bioinformatics is to improve the understanding of the so many biological processes. This involves research areas of involvement such as evolutionary biology, gene expression analysis, analysis of cancer mutations, determination of biodiversity, analysis of sequences, comparative genomics, genome annotation and several others (Lesk, 2005). Gene Expression Analysis As this information technology system enables storage of information, analysis and interpretation, gene expression can be performed. This is done by the use of appropriate techniques which measure RNA levels such as sequencing of expressed complementary DNA, Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, micro arrays and so many other techniques. This is important in the determination of genes expressed in certain disorders (Lesk, 2005). Determination of such kinds of genes is important in the development of therapies, as developments have gone further in molecular biology so that disorders can be corrected using gene therapies. An example is gene replacement therapy. When a gene causing a specific disorder or disease is determined, a means of replacing it with a normal one could also be determined (Lesk, 2005). Evolutionary Biology Bioinformatics enables measurement of changes in the DNA of animals therefore determination of origins of evolution of animals from their ancestors. Other ways in which Bioinformatics has enabled researchers to study the origins of organism and animal species is through comparison of their genomes, hence classifying animals that originated from the same ancestor. Bioinformatics through computational models enable prediction of system outcome over a specified period of time (Lesk, 2005). Analysis of Sequences There are so many sequences that decode different proteins. These sequences are made available in the databases. This provides sequences for analysis, for example if a scientist has a sequence of a gene obtained from a species of organism and would like to know the sequence, he/she would check with the sequences in the data bases. In these databases, the information helps determine the genes that encode specific polypeptides and regulatory sequences. Sequence analysis also enables comparison of genes of species hence determination of certain protein functions (Lesk, 2005). Biodiversity Measurement Bioinformatics is also important as it enables measurement of biodiversity of an ecosystem. Biodiversity is all the genomes of all the different species of organisms and animals in an ecosystem. The animals and organisms’ names have therefore to be collected, including their descriptions, genetic information and distribution in a specific ecosystem. There are so many other important information about the organisms that have to be noted alongside the genetic information. These are such as habitat needs, species and population size (Barnes and Gray, 2003). All this information is stored in the databases and is collected for a reason. Several studies that require animal genomic constitution in an ecosystem do take place, therefore need an information source. Information technology has enabled formation of specialized programs of software which are used by the scientists and researchers to retrieve, analyze and share information about their research. This leads to more progress in the field of molecular biology. The importance of this is that it helps in the conservation of the ecosystem. For example, in an ecosystem, there are always those species that are endangered, this can easily be determined by this information technology system of biodiversity determination. Computer simulations has enabled modeling of conservation, population dynamics and calculation of a breeding pool’s genetic health (Barnes and Gray, 2003). Cancer Mutation Analysis Since bioinformatics has enabled storage of sequences of several genes and provided means through which analysis can be carried out, cancer mutations can be detected. Sequences of normal genes are stored in the databases. Determination of a cancer mutation is therefore not difficult as the normal sequence can be compared to the abnormal one and the area of difference marked. This has been used to find out point mutations and other types of mutations. As noted earlier, this is important in cancer therapy (Higgins and Taylor, 2000; (Lesk, 2005). Conclusion Bioinformatics has lead to enormous discoveries due to the provision of information about the genomes of different species, their characteristics and other biological information in the databases. The main issue here is the biological information, how to retrieve it, provision of analysis methods and provision of interpretation methods thereby assisting many studies in many areas. Application of information technology in molecular biology has enabled discoveries of therapies and genetic information about disease causing organisms. This application of information technology is very important as with the changes in the world, evolution is taking place and several different organisms are coming up. Some of these organisms can cause diseases to human and can be a threat if nothing is done about them. Since genome sequences, analysis methods and other important biological information are provided in the programs and databases, determination of the origin of such an organism can be easy and ways of treating it can also be established, therefore eliminating the threat to humans. If for example HIV mutates, like it does, and there are no effective ways of determining the mutation, it means the virus will kill so many people as the new strain has no way to be controlled. Bioinformatics is therefore very important in molecular biology. References Barnes, M. R. and Gray, I. C. (2003). Bioinformatics for Geneticists. US: Wiley. Baxevanis, A. D. and Ouellette, B. F. (2001). Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. US: Wiley-IEEE. Gibas, C. and Jambeck, P. (2001). Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills. Oreilly Associates Inc. Higgins, D. and Taylor, W. (2000). Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure, and Databanks : a Practical Approach. UK: Oxford University Press. Letovsky, S. (1999). Bioinformatics: Databases and Systems. US: Springer. Lesk, A. M. (2005). Introduction to Bioinformatics. UK: Oxford University Press, 2005 Westhead, R. D. , Parish, J. H. and Twyman, M. R. (2002). Bioinformatics. UK: BIOS, 2002 How to cite Bioinformatics, Papers

Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse Essay Example For Students

Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse Essay Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse Essay Corporal punishment is the execution of a judicially imposed sentence that inflicts a manner of physical pain upon the offenders body without killing him. In the past corporal punishment included flogging, whipping, branding and facial or bodily mutilation of all types. Corporal punishment also refers to the discipline of children at home and in schools but it was made illegal for punishing schoolchildren in 1986. Historically, corporal punishment was used in the ancient law codes of Hammurabi and Moses, in laws of Sparta and other Greek city states, in early Christian church teachings and in Anglo-Saxon common laws. It is still used in many parts of the world and remains in the criminal codes of several European communities. In the twentieth century, corporal punishment has received severe criticism. Many people believe it is a barbaric relic of a bygone age, completely opposite with present day humanitarian ethics. With a rising crime rate many are favouring the reinstitution of physical punishment for very wicked crimes. It has been shown that many adults in England want the restoration of corporal punishment for certain crimes, hoping that it will effect the reaction against an ever increasing amount of crime. The use of corporal punishment on children has also dropped sharply. In many school systems of the United States, for example, corporal punishment has been outlawed, it is also illegal in countries such as Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway. Corporal punishment for certain offences is very effective, because its done quickly and feared by all. Not only will it teach the offender not to repeat his violent actions but it will also discourage him. It teaches the school boy or convict that doing wrong will be followed by pain and suffering. When used justly and without anger the giver is not brutalised. In many independent schools where it still occurs it is thought of as a final punishment. It accustoms the pupils to the hardships of real life and no bitterness is left after it has been used for good reasons. It is always impossible to make the punishment fit the crime, with corporal punishment the amount can be adjusted to suit the offender. It is much better than other punishments which are deadening to the mind and the body. Schools which dont find corporal punishment essential, especially for young children, substitute it with other methods which are equivalent to terrorising. Detentions are also harmful because they increase the nu mber of hours a boy is forced to spend indoors in physical inactivity. His restlessness is increased by the enforced restraint which leads to further offences against discipline. Corporal punishment is humiliating and harmful to the sensitive victim, while it is no discouragement to the hardened culprit who often boasts about it to his friends and girlfriends trying to impress them as though it were a battle of honour. It appeals to the strain of cruelty that exists somewhere in everyone. If it were true that corporal punishment accustoms children to lifes hardships then every boy should receive its benefits daily. Corporal punishment is an excuse for laziness in teachers. By using terror instead of discipline, a bad teacher can continue his work when otherwise the impatience of the students would force him to change his method. Detentions are more effective because they interfere with the boys leisure time , which worries him far more than physical pain, and may give him an opportunity for impression. In modern schools there are many opportunities for physical exercise and its nonsense to imply that depriving a boy of this is physically harmful. The greatness of little red riding hood Essay The infliction of c orporal punishment on a person who regards violence as a means of achieving his ends is not likely to have any correct action; on the contrary, past experience has shown that it will lead to a deeper feeling of hatred towards authority and society. I believe that discipline is necessary in the raising and teaching of children so they can become social, productive and responsible adults. Punishment is a method of disciplining and corporal punishment is only one aspect of punishment. Parents and teachers who lower themselves to physical violence and aggression in order to control children are setting an example that children may try to follow (Bandura, 1967). This is the hypocrisy of Do what I say, not what I do, but the actions are often louder than the words. By refusing to use physical punishment, perhaps we can refine and develop other techniques which may prove more beneficial than the easy .